IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/prs/ecstat/estat_0336-1454_1999_num_326_1_6228.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

L'investissement direct et les entreprises françaises

Author

Listed:
  • Michel Houdebine
  • Agnès Topiol-Bensaïd

Abstract

[ger] Franzôsische Unternehmen und Direktinvestitionen Seit Mitte der 80er Jahre nehmen die franzosischen ; Direktinvestitionen stark zu. Laut OECD nahm Frankreich '. 1997 unter den Aufnahmelandern den vierten Platz und ; unter den Investitionslandern den funften Platz ein. Insgesamt hat Frankreich seit der zweiten Hâlfte der 80er Jahre seinen Rûckstand aufgeholt, so daB es heute bei den Direktinvestitionen an der Spitze der dynamischsten Lander liegt. Wie die anderen entwickelten Lander investiert Frankreich vorwiegend in den OECD-Lândern, auch wenn seit Beginn des Jahrzehnts der Anteil in Asien ~ und Lateinamerika deutlich zunimmt. Die auslândischen = Direktinvestitionen in Frankreich stammen im wesentlichen von den entwickelten Lândern. Sie betreffen . hauptsâchlich die Industriesektoren mit groBer. Wertschopfung, wie beispielsweise die Elektronik und die . Parachemie. Mit mehr als zwei Dritteln der Investitionen .. nehmen der tertiâre marktbestimmte Bereich und insbesondere die Dienstleistungen bei den franzosischen Direktinvestitionen einen zentralen Platz ein. Desgleichen investiert Frankreich im Ausland stark in diese Bereiche, vor allem auf dem Gebiet der Dienstleistungen fur Unternehmen/ Eine besondere Stellung nehmen auf mikroôkonomischer Ebene die internationalen franzosischen Unternehmen- ein, d. h. die franzosischen Unternehmen, die von einem auslândischen Investor kontrolliert werden, oder die franzosischen Unternehmen, die mindestens eine Tochtergesellschaft im Ausland kontrollieren. Sie beschàftigen qualifiziertere, produktivere und besser bezahlte Arbeitskrâfte. Im Verhàltnis zu ihren nationalen Konkurrenten sind ihre Gewinnspannen in alien Sektoren - besser, und in der Industrie erzielen sie ebenfalls grôBere Gewinne. Beim Export sind sie ferner dynamischer. Dagegen sind sie verschuldeter und mûssen im Hinblick auf die Risiken, denen sie ausgesetzt sind, mehr Rûcklagen bilden. In der Regel sind sie nicht rentabler. Wenn man neben der GrôBe und dem Tàtigkeitsbereich . auch die Zugehôrigkeit zu einer. Gruppe und die Qualifikationsstruktur der Arbeitskrâfte berûcksichtigt, . werden diese Unterschiede zwar abgeschwâcht, bestehen aber fort. [spa] La inversion directa y las empresas francesas Desde mediados de los ochenta, la inversion directa - francesa ha aumentado mucho. Segûn la OCDE, Francia ocupaba, en 1997, el cuarto puesto entre los pafses de acogida y el quinto entre los paises inversores. En sumo, Francia se ha recuperado a partir de la segunda mitad de los ochenta para Ilegar a encabezar ahora al grupo mâs dinâmico en cuanto a paîses inversores. Al igual que otros paîses desarrollados, Francia ha invertido esencialmente en la zona OCDE, aunque, desde el principio de la década, la cuota destinada a America latina y a Asia ha * crecido bastante. La inversion directa extranjera en Francia procède ante todo de los paîses desarrollados. . Esta concierne a los sectores industriales de fuerte valor anadido como las industrias electrônicas o paraquîmicas. El sector terciario privado y entre otros los servicios ocupan un puesto bâsico en cuanto a inversion directa francesa con mâs de los dos tercios del stock de inversion. Francia invierte mucho, igualmente, en estos sectores en el extranjero, sobre todo en el âmbito de los servicios a las empresas. A nivel microeconômico, las empresas francesas internacionales - empresas francesas controladas por un inversor extranjero o por una empresa francesa que contrôle al menos una sucursal en el extranjero — son peculiares. Recurren a una mano de obra mâs cualificada, mâs productiva y mejor pagada. Respecto a sus competidoras nacionales, tienen mârgenes importantes. Son ademâs mâs dinâmicas para exportar. Pero tienen un nivel de endeudamiento mayor y deben tener mayores provisiones para afrontar aquellos riesgos que corren. En términos générales no son mâs rentables. Cuando se considéra, ademâs del tamano, la pertenencia a un grupo o a una estructura de cualificaciôn de los empleos, estas diferencias de resultados no llegan a desaparecer del todo, aunque se reduzcan. [fre] L'investissement direct et les entreprises Depuis le milieu des années 80, l'investissement direct de : la France s'est fortement accru. Selon l'OCDE, la France occupait, en 1997, le quatrième rang des pays d'accueil et le cinquième rang des pays investisseurs. Globalement, la : France a rattrapé son retard, à partir de la seconde moitié : des années 80, pour se situer, aujourd'hui, en tête des; pays les plus dynamiques en termes d'investissement, direct. Comme les autres pays développés, elle investit: principalement dans la zone OCDE même si, depuis le; début de la décennie, la part à destination de l'Asie et de : l'Amérique latine progresse nettement. L'investissement direct étranger en France provient essentiellement des pays développés. Il concerne pour l'essentiel les secteurs industriels à forte valeur ajoutée tels que l'électronique et . la parachimie. Le tertiaire marchand et notamment les services occupe une place centrale dans l'investissement direct français avec plus des deux tiers du stock d'investissement. De même, la France investit fortement dans ces françaises. secteurs à l'étranger, surtout dans le domaine des services aux entreprises. Au niveau microéconomique, les entreprises françaises internationales entreprises françaises contrôlées par un , investisseur étranger ou entreprise françaises contrôlant au moins une filiale à l'étranger - sont singulières. Elles ont ; recours à une main-d'oeuvre plus qualifiée, plus productive ' et mieux payée. Par rapport à leurs concurrentes nationales, leurs marges sont supérieures dans tous les secteurs et dans l'industrie elles réalisent aussi des profits plus importants. Elles sont également plus dynamiques à l'exportation. Cependant, elles sont plus endettées et doivent provisionner davantage pour faire face aux risques qu'elles encourent. . En général, elles ne sont pas plus rentables. Lorsqu'on : tient compte, en plus de la taille et du secteur d'activité, de l'appartenance à un groupe et de la structure de qualification des emplois, ces différences de performances s'atténuent mais persistent. [eng] Foreign direct investment and foreign trade: a greater impact in the United States than in France? Foreign direct investment (FDI) and the foreign activity of multinationals are developing steadily. Such investment is likely to directly replace trade, with exports being replaced by direct sales by foreign-based affiliates. However, this investment may also increase the competitiveness of the firms concerned on the host market, thus helping to further exports from the investor country. FDI therefore complements international trade. Many intermediate situations can be found between substitution, with its negative consequences for the firm or economic sector's , activity in the source country, and complementarity, with its positive consequences. The situations found depend on whether the; analysis: is" microeconomic. or macroeconomic. In the latter case, the activity classifications used to study investment and trade are : fairly broad. At microeconomic level, the substitution effect is found to be predominant. FDI is an alternative to goods trade for the firm especially when transport costs are high. Conversely, the ratchet effect on exports. at. macroeconomic level is thought to come into full play in contradiction with Mundell's substitution principle. Yet the - debate remains open, with its important implications for the investment source and target economies. A database on trade and FDI from 1984 to 1994 clarifies the issue by testing the relations between exports, imports and the trade balance, on one side, and FDI ,on the other, for the case of France and the United States. Outward FDI hence proves to have a much greater impact on trade in the United States. Substitution effects can be offset by FDI-induced exports in other sectors (stimulation effects). Outward FDI by one industrial sector stimulates' as much this sector's exports as the exports of the rest of ■• industry. This ratchet effect is all the more marked for FDI •■ inflow to France. In the United States, both inward and outward FDI are favourable to the trade deficit. Lastly, inward FDI is generally more detrimental to the trade balance than outward FDI.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Houdebine & Agnès Topiol-Bensaïd, 1999. "L'investissement direct et les entreprises françaises," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 326(1), pages 113-128.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1999_num_326_1_6228
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1999.6228
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1999.6228
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.3406/estat.1999.6228
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.persee.fr/doc/estat_0336-1454_1999_num_326_1_6228
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.3406/estat.1999.6228?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marie-Christine Parent, 1995. "Stratégie d'implantation régionale, nationale ou internationale : quelle influence sur le développement des entreprises françaises ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 290(1), pages 3-15.
    2. James R. Markusen & Anthony J. Venables, 2021. "Multinational firms and the new trade theory," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: BROADENING TRADE THEORY Incorporating Market Realities into Traditional Models, chapter 3, pages 47-67, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    3. James R. Markusen, 1998. "Multinational Firms, Location and Trade," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(6), pages 733-756, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. M. Giulietti & S. Mccorriston & P. Osborne, 2004. "Foreign direct investment in the UK: evidence from a disaggregated panel of the UK food sector," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(7), pages 653-663.
    2. Andrzej Cieślik, 2020. "What attracts multinational enterprises from the new EU member states to Poland?," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 10(2), pages 253-269, June.
    3. James R. Markusen & Keith E. Maskus, 2001. "A Unified Approach to Intra-Industry Trade and Direct Foreign Investment," NBER Working Papers 8335, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Rodrigo Sabbatini & André Luiz Correa & Celio Hiratuka, 2005. "Investimento Direto Estrangeiro E Impactos Da Alca: Uma Análise Empírica," Anais do XXXIII Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 33rd Brazilian Economics Meeting] 075, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics].
    5. Stahler, Frank, 2006. "Market entry and foreign direct investment," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 335-347, March.
    6. Elberfeld Walter & Götz Georg & Stähler Frank, 2005. "Vertical Foreign Direct Investment, Welfare, and Employment," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 5(1), pages 1-30, February.
    7. Ismat Nasim & Mohamed Boukhris & Umar Nawaz Kayani & Farrukh Bashir & Syed Arslan Haider, 2023. "Exploring the Links between Renewable Energy, FDI, Environmental Degradation, and International Trade in Selected Developing Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 418-429, November.
    8. Jitao Tang, 2015. "Testing the Pollution Haven Effect: Does the Type of FDI Matter?," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 60(4), pages 549-578, April.
    9. Salvador Barrios & Holger Görg & Eric Strobl, 2003. "Multinational Enterprises and New Trade Theory: Evidence for the Convergence Hypothesis," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 14(4), pages 397-418, October.
    10. Elvira Sapienza, 2009. "The interaction between Export and FDI: Central-Eastern Europe and EU15," Quaderni DSEMS 13-2009, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Matematiche e Statistiche, Universita' di Foggia.
    11. Theresa Carpenter, 2005. "Multinationals, intra-firm trade and FDI: A simple model," IHEID Working Papers 01-2005, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies.
    12. Main Ud-din, 2018. "Continuity and Change in Patriarchal Structure: Recent Trends in Rural Bangladesh," European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Articles, Revistia Research and Publishing, vol. 4, January -.
    13. De Santis, Roberto A. & Stahler, Frank, 2004. "Endogenous market structures and the gains from foreign direct investment," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(2), pages 545-565, December.
    14. John Dunning, 2001. "The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future," International Journal of the Economics of Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(2), pages 173-190.
    15. Liu, Xiaming & Wang, Chengang & Wei, Yingqi, 2001. "Causal links between foreign direct investment and trade in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 12(2-3), pages 190-202.
    16. Vadym Konchyn, 2008. "Evolution of Ukrainian Economy: New Trade Theory Evidence," The IUP Journal of Applied Economics, IUP Publications, vol. 0(2), pages 80-110, March.
    17. Herrmann, Roland & Möser, Anke & Weber, Sascha A., 2009. "Grocery retailing in Poland: Structural changes and foreign direct investment," Discussion Papers 40, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU).
    18. Bulent Esiyok, 2015. "Does Inward Foreign Direct Investment Increase Imports To Turkey? An Instrumental Variables Approach," Journal Articles, Center For Economic Analyses, pages 23-35, June.
    19. repec:got:cegedp:22 is not listed on IDEAS
    20. Leo Sleuwaegen & Koen Backer, 2001. "Multinational firms, market integration, and trade structure: What remains of the standard-goods hypothesis?," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 137(3), pages 379-403, September.
    21. Peter Egger & Michael Pfaffermayr, 2004. "Foreign Direct Investment and European Integration in the 1990s," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(1), pages 99-110, January.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1999_num_326_1_6228. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Equipe PERSEE (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.persee.fr/collection/estat .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.