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Food insecurity among African Americans in the United States: A scoping review

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  • Elizabeth Dennard
  • Elizabeth Kristjansson
  • Nedelina Tchangalova
  • Sarah Totton
  • Donna Winham
  • Annette O’Connor

Abstract

In 2019, the estimated prevalence of food insecurity for Black non-Hispanic households was higher than the national average due to health disparities exacerbated by forms of racial discrimination. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Black households have experienced higher rates of food insecurity when compared to other populations in the United States. The primary objectives of this review were to identify which risk factors have been investigated for an association with food insecurity, describe how food insecurity is measured across studies that have evaluated this outcome among African Americans, and determine which dimensions of food security (food accessibility, availability, and utilization) are captured by risk factors studied by authors. Food insecurity related studies were identified through a search of Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE®, PsycINFO, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, and Web of Science™ (Clarivate), on May 20, 2021. Eligible studies were primary research studies, with a concurrent comparison group, published in English between 1995 and 2021. Ninety-eight relevant studies were included for data charting with 37 unique measurement tools, 115 risk factors, and 93 possible consequences of food insecurity identified. Few studies examined factors linked to racial discrimination, behaviour, or risk factors that mapped to the food availability dimension of food security. Infrequently studied factors, such as lifetime racial discrimination, socioeconomic status (SES), and income insecurity need further investigation while frequently studied factors such as age, education, race/ethnicity, and gender need to be summarized using a systematic review approach so that risk factor impact can be better assessed. Risk factors linked to racial discrimination and food insecurity need to be better understood in order to minimize health disparities among African American adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Suggested Citation

  • Elizabeth Dennard & Elizabeth Kristjansson & Nedelina Tchangalova & Sarah Totton & Donna Winham & Annette O’Connor, 2022. "Food insecurity among African Americans in the United States: A scoping review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(9), pages 1-16, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0274434
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274434
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Deokrye Baek, 2016. "The Effect of Public Transportation Accessibility on Food Insecurity," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, vol. 42(1), pages 104-134, January.
    2. Ana McCormick Myers & Matthew A. Painter, 2017. "Food insecurity in the United States of America: an examination of race/ethnicity and nativity," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 9(6), pages 1419-1432, December.
    3. Coleman-Jensen, Alisha & Rabbitt, Matthew P & Gregory, Christian A & Singh, Anita, 2020. "Household Food Security in the United States in 2019," Economic Research Report 327207, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
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