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Cyber security risk assessment in autonomous shipping

Author

Listed:
  • Hasan Mahbub Tusher

    (University of South-Eastern Norway)

  • Ziaul Haque Munim

    (University of South-Eastern Norway)

  • Theo E. Notteboom

    (Ghent University
    Antwerp Maritime Academy
    University of Antwerp)

  • Tae-Eun Kim

    (University of Tromsø)

  • Salman Nazir

    (University of South-Eastern Norway)

Abstract

Autonomous ships would require higher cyber-physical interaction in comparison with traditional shipping operations, thus increasing the vulnerabilities associated with cyber security. The increasing complexity surrounding the innate characteristics of the shipping industry makes it challenging to build a resilient framework for ensuring cyber security. This study proposes a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework for assessing cyber security risk in the autonomous shipping context. The research was validated through surveying subject matter experts, system designers and seafarers. Different types of equipment and systems are ranked based on their perceived vulnerability to cyber threats. Survey data from 28 subject matter experts are collected and analysed through the Bayesian best–worst method (BWM). At system level, the results indicate that navigational systems are the most vulnerable to potential cyber threats, while propulsion systems are the least vulnerable element in the context of future autonomous shipping operations. On a sub-system level, the three most vulnerable parts are Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) and the communication devices on shore control centres (SCC), while the least vulnerable parts are engine controls, SCC integration platforms and cargo handling at ports.

Suggested Citation

  • Hasan Mahbub Tusher & Ziaul Haque Munim & Theo E. Notteboom & Tae-Eun Kim & Salman Nazir, 2022. "Cyber security risk assessment in autonomous shipping," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 24(2), pages 208-227, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:marecl:v:24:y:2022:i:2:d:10.1057_s41278-022-00214-0
    DOI: 10.1057/s41278-022-00214-0
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kaliszewski, Adam & Kozłowski, Arkadiusz & Dąbrowski, Janusz & Klimek, Hanna, 2021. "LinkedIn survey reveals competitiveness factors of container terminals: Forwarders’ view," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 131-140.
    2. Silveira, P. & Teixeira, A.P. & Figueira, J.R. & Guedes Soares, C., 2021. "A multicriteria outranking approach for ship collision risk assessment," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    3. Wróbel, Krzysztof & Montewka, Jakub & Kujala, Pentti, 2017. "Towards the assessment of potential impact of unmanned vessels on maritime transportation safety," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 155-169.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ziaul Haque Munim & Hercules Haralambides, 2022. "Advances in maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) in merchant shipping," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 24(2), pages 181-188, June.
    2. Bolbot, Victor & Kulkarni, Ketki & Brunou, Päivi & Banda, Osiris Valdez & Musharraf, Mashrura, 2022. "Developments and research directions in maritime cybersecurity: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    3. Göçmen Polat, Elifcan & Yücesan, Melih & Gül, Muhammet, 2023. "A comparative framework for criticality assessment of strategic raw materials in Turkey," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).

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