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Currency Substitution in Argentina, Mexico, and Uruguay (Substitution de monnaie en Argentine, au Mexique et en Uruguay) (Sustitución de moneda en Argentina, México y Uruguay)

Author

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  • C. L. Ramirez-Rojas

    (International Monetary Fund)

Abstract

The paper analyzes currency substitution--the demand for foreign money--in Argentina, Mexico, and Uruguay. Domestic residents usually seek foreign currency because trade and tourism require the use of foreign exchange. In Argentina, Mexico, and Uruguay, however, the demand for foreign exchange by domestic residents has gone well beyond the requirements of international trade and tourism. These countries have witnessed a sharp decline in real money balances denominated in domestic currency during periods of erratic inflation, large deficits in the balance of payments, and recurrent devaluation. So widespread is this phenomenon that many purely domestic sales and contracts within these countries are now frequently denominated in foreign rather than in domestic currency. The theoretical part of the paper develops a simple model to explain the role played by expectations of exchange rate fluctuations in the individual's decision to divide financial wealth between holdings of domestic and foreign money. Empirical evidence shows the quantitative importance, growth, and apparent irreversibility of currency substitution in these countries, as well as the speed at which this process is taking place. The evidence confirms that the appearance of currency substitution in these countries, characterized as they are by different economic structures, can be traced to the high and variable inflation rates they have experienced in recent years. Currency substitution influences the design and effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy. In particular, this process limits the resources the government can mobilize by money creation and renders more difficult the control of domestic liquidity. For these reasons, policies must be designed to reduce or at least to prevent the further growth of currency substitution. For such policies to succeed, they must be credible; they must involve a net monetary contraction; and they must ensure an increase in the expected real rate of return of domestic money. /// Cette étude analyse la substitution de monnaie -- c'est-à -dire la demande de monnaie étrangère -- en Argentine, au Mexique et en Uruguay. Habituellement, les résidents d'un pays cherchent à se procurer des monnaies étrangères lorsque le commerce et le tourisme nécessitent l'utilisation de devises. Toutefois, en Argentine, au Mexique et en Uruguay, la demande de devises étrangères émanant des résidents dépasse de beaucoup les besoins du commerce extérieur et du tourisme. Ces pays ont enregistré de fortes diminutions de leurs encaisses monétaires réelles, libellées en monnaie nationale, pendant les périodes d'inflation erratique, de lourds déficits de balance des paiements et de dévaluations répétées. Ce phénomène est si généralisé que de nombreuses opérations purement intérieures effectuées dans ces pays -- ventes et contrats -- sont à présent souvent libellées en monnaie étrangère plutôt qu'en monnaie nationale. Dans la partie théorique de l'étude, l'auteur élabore un modèle simple pour expliquer le rôle joué par les anticipations relatives aux fluctuations du taux de change dans les décisions que prennent les agents économiques en vue de répartir les actifs financiers entre avoirs en monnaie nationale et avoirs en devises étrangères. L'observation des faits montre l'importance quantitative, la progression et l'irréversibilité apparente de la substitution de monnaie dans ces pays, ainsi que la rapidité de ce processus. Les faits confirment que l'apparition de ce phénomène dans ces pays, qui sont d'ailleurs caractérisés par des structures économiques différentes, peut être attribuée aux taux d'inflation élevés et variables qu'ils ont connus ces dernières années. La substitution de monnaie influe sur l'élaboration et sur l'efficacité de la politique budgétaire et monétaire. En particulier, ce processus limite les ressources que les pouvoirs publics peuvent mobiliser par la création monétaire et rend plus difficile la maîtrise de la liquidité intérieure. C'est pourquoi il faut concevoir des politiques propres à réduire la substitution de monnaie, ou du moins à l'empêcher de progresser davantage. Pour réussir, ces politiques doivent être crédibles; elles doivent comprendre une contraction nette de la masse monétaire et assurer une augmentation du taux réel escompté de rendement des avoirs en monnaie nationale. /// En este trabajo se analiza la sustitución de moneda --la demanda de moneda extranjera-- en Argentina, México y Uruguay. Los residentes del país suelen querer moneda extranjera por necesitarla para fines de comercio y turismo. No obstante, en Argentina, México y Uruguay la demanda de moneda extranjera por los residentes respectivos va mucho más allá de las necesidades relacionadas con el comercio y el turismo internacionales. Dichos países han experimentado una fuerte disminución en los saldos reales de dinero denominados en moneda nacional durante períodos de inflación errática, cuantiosos déficit en la balanza de pagos y repetidas devaluaciones. Tan extendido está ese fenómeno que muchas ventas y contratos estrictamente internos con frecuencia se denominan actualmente en dichos países en moneda extranjera, en vez de en moneda nacional. En la parte teórica de este artículo se elabora un modelo sencillo para explicar la influencia de las expectativas de fluctuaciones del tipo de cambio en las decisiones para dividir la riqueza financiera entre dinero nacional y dinero extranjero. Los datos empíricos indican la importancia cuantitativa, el crecimiento y la irreversibilidad aparente de la sustitución de moneda en los citados países, así como la rapidez con que está teniendo lugar ese proceso. Los datos confirman que la aparición de sustitución de moneda en los países mencionados, caracterizados por estructuras económicas diferentes, puede atribuirse a las elevadas y variables tasas de inflación que han padecido en los últimos años. La sustitución de moneda influye en la formulación y la eficacia de las políticas fiscal y monetaria. En especial, este proceso limita los recursos que puede movilizar el gobierno mediante la creación de dinero y hace más difícil el control de la liquidez interna. Por ello, es preciso formular medidas de política mediante las cuales se pueda reducir la sustitución de moneda, o por lo menos impedir que siga aumentando. Para que dichas medidas den resultados deben inspirar confianza, representar una contracción monetaria neta y producir un aumento en la tasa prevista real de rentabilidad del dinero nacional.)

Suggested Citation

  • C. L. Ramirez-Rojas, 1985. "Currency Substitution in Argentina, Mexico, and Uruguay (Substitution de monnaie en Argentine, au Mexique et en Uruguay) (Sustitución de moneda en Argentina, México y Uruguay)," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 32(4), pages 629-667, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:32:y:1985:i:4:p:629-667
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    Cited by:

    1. Christopher Adam & Stephen O’Connell & Edward Buffie, 2007. "Monetary Policy Rules For Manging Aid Surges In Africa," WEF Working Papers 0016, ESRC World Economy and Finance Research Programme, Birkbeck, University of London.
    2. Adeniji, Sesan, 2013. "Investigating the Relationship between Currency Substitution, Exchange Rate and Inflation in Nigeria: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach," MPRA Paper 52551, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 28 Dec 2013.
    3. Alami, Tarik H., 2001. "Currency substitution versus dollarization: A portfolio balance model," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 23(4), pages 473-479, May.
    4. Whited, Hsin-hui I. H., 2004. "Comment on "Currency substitution versus dollarization: a portfolio balance model"," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 26(1), pages 113-116, January.
    5. Kamin, Steven B., 1995. "Contractionary devaluation with black markets for foreign exchange," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 39-57, February.
    6. Selcuk, Faruk, 2003. "Currency substitution: new evidence from emerging economies," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 78(2), pages 219-224, February.
    7. Ms. Catherine A Pattillo & Mr. Stephen A. O'Connell & Mr. Christopher S Adam & Mr. Edward F Buffie, 2004. "Exchange Rate Policy and the Management of Official and Private Capital Flows in Africa," IMF Working Papers 2004/216, International Monetary Fund.
    8. Buffie, Edward & Adam, Christopher & O'Connell, Stephen & Pattillo, Catherine, 2008. "Riding the wave: Monetary responses to aid surges in low-income countries," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 52(8), pages 1378-1395, November.
    9. Kang Yong Tan & David Vines, 2007. "Woodford goes to Africa," WEF Working Papers 0029, ESRC World Economy and Finance Research Programme, Birkbeck, University of London.
    10. Agenor, Pierre-Richard & Khan, Mohsin S., 1996. "Foreign currency deposits and the demand for money in developing countries," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 101-118, June.
    11. Pere Gomis-Porqueras & Carlos Serrano & Alejandro Somuano, 2005. "Dollar-denominated accounts in Latin America during the 1990s," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 29(2), pages 259-270, June.
    12. Buffie, Edward F. & O'Connell, Stephen A. & Adam, Christopher, 2010. "Fiscal inertia, donor credibility, and the monetary management of aid surges," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(2), pages 287-298, November.
    13. Holanda, Marcos C., 1996. "Inflation, indexation, and the black market dollar," Revista Brasileira de Economia - RBE, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil), vol. 50(1), January.
    14. Alberto Giovannini & Bart Turtelboom, 1992. "Currency Substitution," NBER Working Papers 4232, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    15. Kem Reat Viseth, 2001. "Currency Substitution and Financial Sector Developments in Cambodia," International and Development Economics Working Papers idec01-4, International and Development Economics.
    16. Kamin, Steven B. & Ericsson, Neil R., 2003. "Dollarization in post-hyperinflationary Argentina," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 185-211, April.

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