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Pakistan’s Water Apportionment Accord of 1991: 25 years and beyond

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  • Anwar, Arif A.
  • Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif

Abstract

The apportionment of waters of the Indus River System between the provinces of Pakistan is widely hailed as a historic agreement. This agreement (herein referred to as the Accord) was signed into effect in 1991, just over 25 years ago. The Accord lacks a clearly stated objective and hence it is difficult to review the Accord against its objective. This paper presents a detailed thematic review of the Accord and interprets the literature and data sets that have become available over the last 25 years. Although the Accord leaves room for interpretation, which is often biased to a particular perspective, an obvious starting point that has been highlighted in the literature is to improve water accounting in the Indus basin and to clarify and document the Operating Rules. Over the next 25 years, demographic change, socioeconomic change, and climate change in the Indus Basin will place this Accord under increased scrutiny.

Suggested Citation

  • Anwar, Arif A. & Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif, 2018. "Pakistan’s Water Apportionment Accord of 1991: 25 years and beyond," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 144(1):1-14.
    • Handle: RePEc:iwt:jounls:h048816
    DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000831
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Winston Yu & Yi-Chen Yang & Andre Savitsky & Donald Alford & Casey Brown & James Wescoat & Dario Debowicz & Sherman Robinson, 2013. "Indus Basin of Pakistan : Impacts of Climate Risks on Water and Agriculture," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 13834, December.
    2. Ministry of Finance, Government of India,, 2016. "Economic Survey 2015-16," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199469284.
    3. Yi-Chen E. Yang & Casey M. Brown & Winston H. Yu & Andre Savitsky, 2013. "An introduction to the IBMR, a hydro-economic model for climate change impact assessment in Pakistan's Indus River basin," Water International, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(5), pages 632-650, September.
    4. Claudia Ringler & Arif Anwar, 2013. "Water for food security: challenges for Pakistan," Water International, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(5), pages 505-514, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Drew, Mark & Crase, Lin, 2023. "‘More Crop per Drop’ and water use efficiency in the National Water Policy of Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    2. Ahmad, Mobin-ud-Din & Peña-Arancibia, Jorge L. & Stewart, Joel P. & Kirby, John M., 2021. "Water balance trends in irrigated canal commands and its implications for sustainable water management in Pakistan: Evidence from 1981 to 2012," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).

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