Risk and returns are the most important parametres in stock analysis. Therefore, the literature contains several studies to identify variables that affect risk and return. The effects of these variables on risk and return may asymmetric. This study analyzes the asymmetric effects of financial ratios of companies on their risks. The short and long-term asymmetric effect of the increase and decrease in financial ratios on risk is reviewed by the Panel-Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Panel NARDL) model. In the study used the 2005Q1 from period 2019Q4 data of 15 companies listed in the Nonmetallic Mineral Products sector is used. Beta coefficient, as a proxy for systematic risk, is employed as the dependent variable ratio of current ratio, total debts ratio, cash-to-cash cycle, return on equity, and market value book value are the independent variables. According to the analysis results was found an asymmetrical relationship between the risk of companies and current ratio, cash-to-cash cycle and market-to-book value in the long term. But, no asymmetrical relationship is observed between risk and return on equity and total debt ratio; rather, the relationship is symmetrical. In the short-run, there was no asymmetrical relationship between risk and financial ratios. The achieved results are important in explaining the factors that effects stock movements

In this paper, whether the CO2 emissions converge among European countries or not has been inquired within the frame of convergence hypothesis under Fourier cointegration test which was developed by Tsong et al. (2016). In this context, annual data concerning Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and England for the period of 1965-2019 were used with addition of annual data concerning Europe's average CO2 emissions. This paper is the first study in the literature to test whether the CO2 emission is convergent within the frame of the convergence hypothesis under the Fourier cointegration method. As stated in the results of the Tsong et al. (2016) Fourier Cointegration test, a cointegrated relationship was found between the per capita CO2 emissions of Austria, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Turkey and the average per capita CO2 emission of Europe. Based on these results, it has been determined that there is a convergence between the per capita CO2 emissions of these countries and the average per capita CO2 emissions of Europe. On the other hand, no cointegrated relationship has been found between the per capita CO2 emissions of Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, UK and the average per capita CO2 emissions of Europe. Therefore, no convergence was determined between these countries and average per capita CO2 emissions of Europe.