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Optimal Recharging Policies for Electric Vehicles

Author

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  • Timothy M. Sweda

    (Schneider, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54313)

  • Irina S. Dolinskaya

    (Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208)

  • Diego Klabjan

    (Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208)

Abstract

Recharging decisions for electric vehicles require many special considerations because of battery dynamics. Battery longevity is prolonged by recharging less frequently and at slower rates, and also by not charging the battery too close to its maximum capacity. In this paper, we address the problem of finding an optimal recharging policy for an electric vehicle along a given path. The path consists of a sequence of nodes, each representing a charging station, and the driver must decide where to stop and how much to recharge at each stop. We present efficient algorithms for finding an optimal policy in general instances with deterministic travel costs and homogeneous charging stations, and also for two specialized cases—one where the vehicle can stop anywhere along the path to recharge and another with equidistant charging stations along the path. In addition, we develop two heuristic procedures that we characterize analytically and explore empirically. We further analyze and test our solution methods on model variations that include stochastic travel costs and nonhomogeneous charging stations.

Suggested Citation

  • Timothy M. Sweda & Irina S. Dolinskaya & Diego Klabjan, 2017. "Optimal Recharging Policies for Electric Vehicles," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(2), pages 457-479, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:ortrsc:v:51:y:2017:i:2:p:457-479
    DOI: 10.1287/trsc.2015.0638
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    1. Cristian Cataldo-Díaz & Rodrigo Linfati & John Willmer Escobar, 2024. "Mathematical models for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows considering different aspects of the charging process," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 1-35, March.
    2. Wang, Dong & Liao, Feixiong & Gao, Ziyou & Tian, Qiong, 2022. "Analysis of activity duration-related charging behavioral responses of electric vehicle travelers to charging services," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 73-81.
    3. Yu, Kaize & Yan, Pengyu & Liu, Yang & Chen, Zhibin & Kong, Xiang T.R., 2025. "Battery degradation mitigation-oriented strategy for optimizing e-hailing electric vehicle operations," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    4. Schulz, Arne & Suzuki, Yoshinori, 2023. "An efficient heuristic for the fixed-route vehicle-refueling problem," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    5. Bektaş, Tolga & Ehmke, Jan Fabian & Psaraftis, Harilaos N. & Puchinger, Jakob, 2019. "The role of operational research in green freight transportation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 274(3), pages 807-823.
    6. Xin, Xu & Zhang, Tao & Xiang, Zhengliang & Liu, Miaohui, 2025. "Battery electric vehicle transportation network robust pricing-infrastructure location model with boundedly rational travelers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 386(C).
    7. Mohammad Asghari & Seyed Mohammad Javad Mirzapour Al-E-Hashem, 2021. "Green vehicle routing problem: A state-of-the-art review," Post-Print hal-03182944, HAL.
    8. Timothy M. Sweda & Irina S. Dolinskaya & Diego Klabjan, 2017. "Adaptive Routing and Recharging Policies for Electric Vehicles," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(4), pages 1326-1348, November.
    9. Asghari, Mohammad & Mirzapour Al-e-hashem, S. Mohammad J., 2021. "Green vehicle routing problem: A state-of-the-art review," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    10. Amirmahdi Tafreshian & Neda Masoud & Yafeng Yin, 2020. "Frontiers in Service Science: Ride Matching for Peer-to-Peer Ride Sharing: A Review and Future Directions," Service Science, INFORMS, vol. 12(2-3), pages 44-60, June.
    11. Cai, Zeen & Mo, Dong & Geng, Maosi & Tang, Wei & Chen, Xiqun Michael, 2023. "Integrating ride-sourcing with electric vehicle charging under mixed fleets and differentiated services," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    12. Belma Turan & Vera Hemmelmayr & Allan Larsen & Jakob Puchinger, 2024. "Transition towards sustainable mobility: the role of transport optimization," Central European Journal of Operations Research, Springer;Slovak Society for Operations Research;Hungarian Operational Research Society;Czech Society for Operations Research;Österr. Gesellschaft für Operations Research (ÖGOR);Slovenian Society Informatika - Section for Operational Research;Croatian Operational Research Society, vol. 32(2), pages 435-456, June.
    13. Mark M. Nejad & Lena Mashayekhy & Daniel Grosu & Ratna Babu Chinnam, 2017. "Optimal Routing for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(4), pages 1304-1325, November.
    14. Maximilian Schiffer & Michael Schneider & Grit Walther & Gilbert Laporte, 2019. "Vehicle Routing and Location Routing with Intermediate Stops: A Review," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 53(2), pages 319-343, March.
    15. Park, Hyunwoo & Lee, Chungmok, 2024. "An exact algorithm for maximum electric vehicle flow coverage problem with heterogeneous chargers, nonlinear charging time and route deviations," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 315(3), pages 926-951.

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