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Assessment of Land-Cover/Land-Use Change and Landscape Patterns in the Two National Nature Reserves of Ebinur Lake Watershed, Xinjiang, China

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  • Fei Zhang

    (College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
    Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology at Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China)

  • Hsiang-te Kung

    (Department of Earth Sciences, the University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA)

  • Verner Carl Johnson

    (Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA)

Abstract

Land-cover and land-use change (LCLUC) alters landscape patterns and affects regional ecosystems. The objective of this study was to examine LCLUC and landscape patterns in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve (ELWNNR) and Ganjia Lake Haloxylon Forest National Nature Reserve (GLHFNNR), two biodiversity-rich national nature reserves in the Ebinur Lake Watershed (ELW), Xinjiang, China. Landsat satellite images from 1972, 1998, 2007 and 2013 were used to calculate the dynamics of a land-cover and land-use (LCLU) transition matrix and landscape pattern index using ENVI 5.1 and FRAGSTATS 3.3. The results showed drastic land use modifications have occurred in ELWNNR during the past four decades. Between 1972 and 1998, 1998 and 2007, and 2007 and 2013, approximately 251.50 km 2 (7.93%), 122.70 km 2 (3.87%), and 195.40 km 2 (6.16%) of wetland were turned into salinized land. In GLHFNNR both low and medium density Haloxylon forest area declined while high density Haloxylon forest area increased. This contribution presents a method for characterizing LCLUC using one or more cross-tabulation matrices based on Sankey diagrams, demonstrating the depiction of flows of energy or materials through ecosystem network. The ecological landscape index displayed that a unique landscape patches have shrunk in size, scattered, and fragmented. It becomes a more diverse landscape. Human activities like farming were negatively correlated with the landscape diversity of wetlands. Furthermore, evidence of degraded wetlands caused by air temperature and annual precipitation, was also observed. We conclude that national and regional policies related to agriculture and water use have significantly contributed to the extensive changes; the ELWNNR and GLHFNNR are highly susceptible to LCLUC in the surrounding Ebinur Lake Watershed.

Suggested Citation

  • Fei Zhang & Hsiang-te Kung & Verner Carl Johnson, 2017. "Assessment of Land-Cover/Land-Use Change and Landscape Patterns in the Two National Nature Reserves of Ebinur Lake Watershed, Xinjiang, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-22, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:9:y:2017:i:5:p:724-:d:97359
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    1. Rajagopal, 2014. "The Human Factors," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Architecting Enterprise, chapter 9, pages 225-249, Palgrave Macmillan.
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    2. Zita Izakovičová & Peter Mederly & František Petrovič, 2017. "Long-Term Land Use Changes Driven by Urbanisation and Their Environmental Effects (Example of Trnava City, Slovakia)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-28, September.
    3. Eshetu Shifaw & Jinming Sha & Xiaomei Li, 2020. "Detection of spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover and its drivers using remote sensing and landscape metrics (Pingtan Island, China)," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 1269-1298, February.
    4. Shifaw, Eshetu & Sha, Jinming & Li, Xiaomei & Bao, Zhongcong & Zhou, Zhenglong, 2019. "An insight into land-cover changes and their impacts on ecosystem services before and after the implementation of a comprehensive experimental zone plan in Pingtan island, China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 631-642.
    5. Hao Wang & Yunfeng Hu, 2021. "Simulation of Biocapacity and Spatial-Temporal Evolution Analysis of Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi Based on the CA–Markov Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-17, May.
    6. Uisso, Amani Michael & Tanrıvermiş, Harun, 2021. "Driving factors and assessment of changes in the use of arable land in Tanzania," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    7. Arnold Mahonko Banda & Kawawa Banda & Enock Sakala & Machaya Chomba & Imasiku Anayawa Nyambe, 2023. "Assessment of land use change in the wetland of Barotse Floodplain, Zambezi River Sub-Basin, Zambia," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 115(2), pages 1193-1211, January.
    8. Valeria Tomaselli & Giuseppe Veronico & Maria Adamo, 2021. "Monitoring and Recording Changes in Natural Landscapes: A Case Study from Two Coastal Wetlands in SE Italy," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-32, January.
    9. Balati Maihemuti & Tayierjiang Aishan & Zibibula Simayi & Yilinuer Alifujiang & Shengtian Yang, 2020. "Temporal Scaling of Water Level Fluctuations in Shallow Lakes and Its Impacts on the Lake Eco-Environments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-14, April.
    10. Nangware Kajia Msofe & Lianxi Sheng & James Lyimo, 2019. "Land Use Change Trends and Their Driving Forces in the Kilombero Valley Floodplain, Southeastern Tanzania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-25, January.
    11. Cheng Duan & Peili Shi & Minghua Song & Xianzhou Zhang & Ning Zong & Caiping Zhou, 2019. "Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Kailash Sacred Landscape of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-15, March.

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