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Assessing the Impact of Façade Typologies on Life Cycle Embodied Carbon in University Building Retrofits: A Case Study of South Korea

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  • Jingwen Liu

    (Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea)

  • Chungyeon Won

    (Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

This study examines the influence of façade typologies on Life Cycle Embodied Carbon (LCEC) in retrofitting university buildings in South Korea. By analyzing 28 cases across seven retrofit scenarios, four main façade types—PW-1, PW-2 (Punched Walls), WW (Window Walls), and CW (Curtain Walls)—were identified as key drivers in retrofit outcomes. PW-1 and PW-2 often require over-cladding due to demolition complexities, whereas WW and CW, despite undergoing full demolition and re-cladding, do not necessarily result in higher carbon emissions. The use of Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) can achieve up to a 35% reduction in LCEC compared to traditional materials like stone, particularly in cases requiring minimal structural reinforcement. By balancing sustainability with architectural integrity, this study offers valuable guidance for similar projects globally, providing insights into optimizing retrofit strategies for more sustainable building practices.

Suggested Citation

  • Jingwen Liu & Chungyeon Won, 2024. "Assessing the Impact of Façade Typologies on Life Cycle Embodied Carbon in University Building Retrofits: A Case Study of South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-25, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:20:p:8901-:d:1498565
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yahong Dong & Peng Liu & Md. Uzzal Hossain, 2023. "Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Building Construction: A Case Study in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-17, May.
    2. Röck, Martin & Saade, Marcella Ruschi Mendes & Balouktsi, Maria & Rasmussen, Freja Nygaard & Birgisdottir, Harpa & Frischknecht, Rolf & Habert, Guillaume & Lützkendorf, Thomas & Passer, Alexander, 2020. "Embodied GHG emissions of buildings – The hidden challenge for effective climate change mitigation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    3. Tsai, Wen-Hsien & Lin, Sin-Jin & Liu, Jau-Yang & Lin, Wan-Rung & Lee, Kuen-Chang, 2011. "Incorporating life cycle assessments into building project decision-making: An energy consumption and CO2 emission perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3022-3029.
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    1. Sapta Suhardono & Chun-Hung Lee & I Wayan Koko Suryawan, 2025. "Influence of adaptive management indicators on willingness to adapt to single-use plastic ban," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 27(3), pages 431-454, July.

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