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A Comprehensive Overview of Photovoltaic Technologies and Their Efficiency for Climate Neutrality

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  • Alexandra Catalina Lazaroiu

    (Department of Measurements, Electrical Devices and Static Converters, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
    University MARITIMA of Constanta, 900663 Constanta, Romania)

  • Mohammed Gmal Osman

    (University MARITIMA of Constanta, 900663 Constanta, Romania
    Doctoral School of Energy Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Cristian-Valentin Strejoiu

    (University MARITIMA of Constanta, 900663 Constanta, Romania
    Doctoral School of Energy Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Gheorghe Lazaroiu

    (University MARITIMA of Constanta, 900663 Constanta, Romania
    Doctoral School of Energy Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania)

Abstract

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is a cornerstone of the global effort to transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy systems. This paper explores the pivotal role of PV technology in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combatting the pressing issue of climate change. At the heart of its efficacy lies the efficiency of PV materials, which dictates the extent to which sunlight is transformed into electricity. Over the last decade, substantial advancements in PV efficiency have propelled the widespread adoption of solar PV technology on a global scale. The efficiency of PV materials is a critical factor, determining how effectively sunlight is transformed into electricity. Enhanced efficiency, achieved through a decade of progress, has driven the global expansion of solar PV. Multi-junction photovoltaic materials have now exceeded 40% efficiency in lab tests. China leads the world in solar PV installations, boasting over 253 GW of installed capacity by the end of 2021. Other prominent countries in this sector are the United States, Japan, Germany, and India. Photovoltaic (PV) cell technologies are rapidly improving, with efficiencies reaching up to 30% and costs falling below $0.50/W, making PV a competitive source of energy in many countries around the world. Solar PV technology holds immense potential for creating a cleaner, reliable, scalable, and cost-effective electricity system. To expedite its deployment and foster a more sustainable energy future, continued investment in research and development along with supportive policies and market mechanisms is essential. This paper underscores the pivotal role of solar PV technology in the global energy transition and advocates for a concerted effort to unlock its full potential in achieving a more sustainable and resilient energy future.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexandra Catalina Lazaroiu & Mohammed Gmal Osman & Cristian-Valentin Strejoiu & Gheorghe Lazaroiu, 2023. "A Comprehensive Overview of Photovoltaic Technologies and Their Efficiency for Climate Neutrality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-24, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:23:p:16297-:d:1287451
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Singh, G.K., 2013. "Solar power generation by PV (photovoltaic) technology: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 1-13.
    2. Mostafa Elshahed & Ali M. El-Rifaie & Mohamed A. Tolba & Ahmed Ginidi & Abdullah Shaheen & Shazly A. Mohamed, 2022. "An Innovative Hunter-Prey-Based Optimization for Electrically Based Single-, Double-, and Triple-Diode Models of Solar Photovoltaic Systems," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(23), pages 1-22, December.
    3. Viviana Cigolotti & Matteo Genovese & Petronilla Fragiacomo, 2021. "Comprehensive Review on Fuel Cell Technology for Stationary Applications as Sustainable and Efficient Poly-Generation Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-28, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mohammed Gmal Osman & Gheorghe Lazaroiu & Shadia Abdeldaim Hamad & Hazmoune Messaoud & Debbache Mohammed & Dorel Stoica, 2025. "Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems with Battery Storage, Electric Vehicle Charging, and Smart Energy Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-21, April.
    2. Paweł Kut & Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik & Patryk Kurek, 2024. "Comprehensive Analysis of Failures in Photovoltaic Installations—A Survey-Based Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-39, November.
    3. Abe, Caio Felippe & Notton, Gilles & Faggianelli, Ghjuvan-Antone & Dias, João Batista & Wander, Paulo Roberto, 2025. "Adapting the Durisch model for bifacial silicon and high concentration multijunction photovoltaic modules efficiency prediction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).

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