IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i19p12693-d934618.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Would You Accept Virtual Tourism? The Impact of COVID-19 Risk Perception on Technology Acceptance from a Comparative Perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Yuan Li

    (School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
    Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart City, Xiamen 361005, China)

  • Jiaqi Liang

    (School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
    Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart City, Xiamen 361005, China)

  • Jingxiong Huang

    (School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Mengsheng Yang

    (School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
    Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart City, Xiamen 361005, China)

  • Runyan Li

    (School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
    Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart City, Xiamen 361005, China)

  • Huanxia Bai

    (School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
    Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart City, Xiamen 361005, China)

Abstract

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism industry and its stakeholders have tried to develop a new virtual tourism market, but its effectiveness remains to be tested. We proposed and tested a new measurement scale composed of ease of use, usefulness, autonomy, enjoyment, perceived risk of COVID-19, and attitude. In total, 274 questionnaires were collected by the purposive sampling method and 239 of them were valid, with 57 potential virtual tourists (who knew of but had not used VR in tourism) and 182 actual virtual tourists (who had experienced virtual tourism). Then, we used path analysis to test the hypothetical model and compared the results of two groups. The results show that (1) the popularity of virtual tourism is limited, (2) ease of use significantly affects usefulness and enjoyment for the two groups, (3) usefulness significantly affects autonomy and enjoyment for the two groups, (4) perceived risk of COVID-19 has a direct impact on the attitude towards virtual tourism for the two groups rather than a moderating role, and (5) expected ease of use has a significant effect on autonomy, and autonomy further influences enjoyment for potential tourists. This paper is an explorative attempt to explore virtual technology applied in tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results provide theoretical contributions and practical implications for technology improvement, tourism marketing, and virtual tourism development.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuan Li & Jiaqi Liang & Jingxiong Huang & Mengsheng Yang & Runyan Li & Huanxia Bai, 2022. "Would You Accept Virtual Tourism? The Impact of COVID-19 Risk Perception on Technology Acceptance from a Comparative Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-22, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:19:p:12693-:d:934618
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/19/12693/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/19/12693/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    2. Fred D. Davis & Richard P. Bagozzi & Paul R. Warshaw, 1989. "User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 35(8), pages 982-1003, August.
    3. Guttentag, Daniel A., 2010. "Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 637-651.
    4. Gary C. Moore & Izak Benbasat, 1991. "Development of an Instrument to Measure the Perceptions of Adopting an Information Technology Innovation," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 2(3), pages 192-222, September.
    5. Rahimizhian, Sima & Ozturen, Ali & Ilkan, Mustafa, 2020. "Emerging realm of 360-degree technology to promote tourism destination," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    6. Bernadette Szajna, 1996. "Empirical Evaluation of the Revised Technology Acceptance Model," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 42(1), pages 85-92, January.
    7. Manis, Kerry T. & Choi, Danny, 2019. "The virtual reality hardware acceptance model (VR-HAM): Extending and individuating the technology acceptance model (TAM) for virtual reality hardware," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 503-513.
    8. Chi-Yo Huang & Yu-Sheng Kao, 2015. "UTAUT2 Based Predictions of Factors Influencing the Technology Acceptance of Phablets by DNP," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2015, pages 1-23, August.
    9. Yang, Ting & Lai, Ivan Ka Wai & Fan, Zhao Bin & Mo, Qing Min, 2021. "The impact of a 360° virtual tour on the reduction of psychological stress caused by COVID-19," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    10. Sigala, Marianna, 2020. "Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 312-321.
    11. Viswanath Venkatesh & Fred D. Davis, 2000. "A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 46(2), pages 186-204, February.
    12. Shirley Taylor & Peter A. Todd, 1995. "Understanding Information Technology Usage: A Test of Competing Models," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 6(2), pages 144-176, June.
    13. Bruner, Gordon II & Kumar, Anand, 2005. "Explaining consumer acceptance of handheld Internet devices," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(5), pages 553-558, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Md. Salamun Rashidin, 2025. "Measuring the tourist perception of virtual reality and its impact on attitude and behavioural intention," Italian Journal of Marketing, Springer, vol. 2025(2), pages 181-203, June.
    2. Anastasiya A. Sozinova & Elena G. Popkova, 2023. "Dataset Analysis of Pandemic Risks and Risk Management Prospects Based on Management and Marketing in Conditions of COVID-19 Recession," Risks, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-18, February.
    3. Guang Liu & Boshi Tian, 2024. "Investigating the impact of autonomy on presence: a comparative analysis on sense of presence and telepresence," Information Technology & Tourism, Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 347-367, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Viswanath Venkatesh, 2000. "Determinants of Perceived Ease of Use: Integrating Control, Intrinsic Motivation, and Emotion into the Technology Acceptance Model," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 11(4), pages 342-365, December.
    2. Gao, Tao (Tony) & Rohm, Andrew J. & Sultan, Fareena & Pagani, Margherita, 2013. "Consumers un-tethered: A three-market empirical study of consumers' mobile marketing acceptance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 66(12), pages 2536-2544.
    3. Christopher R. Plouffe & John S. Hulland & Mark Vandenbosch, 2001. "Research Report: Richness Versus Parsimony in Modeling Technology Adoption Decisions—Understanding Merchant Adoption of a Smart Card-Based Payment System," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 12(2), pages 208-222, June.
    4. Sung S. Kim & Naresh K. Malhotra, 2005. "A Longitudinal Model of Continued IS Use: An Integrative View of Four Mechanisms Underlying Postadoption Phenomena," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(5), pages 741-755, May.
    5. Agarwal, Reeti & Rastogi, Sanjay & Mehrotra, Ankit, 2009. "Customers’ perspectives regarding e-banking in an emerging economy," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 340-351.
    6. Nastjuk, Ilja & Herrenkind, Bernd & Marrone, Mauricio & Brendel, Alfred Benedikt & Kolbe, Lutz M., 2020. "What drives the acceptance of autonomous driving? An investigation of acceptance factors from an end-user's perspective," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    7. Nedra, Bahri-Ammari & Hadhri, Walid & Mezrani, Mariem, 2019. "Determinants of customers' intentions to use hedonic networks: The case of Instagram," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 21-32.
    8. Türker, Cansu & Altay, Burak Can & Okumuş, Abdullah, 2022. "Understanding user acceptance of QR code mobile payment systems in Turkey: An extended TAM," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    9. Sanjeev Verma, 2015. "Harnessing the Benefit of Social Networking Sites for Intentional Social Action: Determinants and Challenges," Vision, , vol. 19(2), pages 104-111, June.
    10. Masud Rana & Gazi Md. Shakhawat Hossain & Maruf Hasan, 2020. "Effectiveness of entrepreneurship skill development training – A case study at RUDSETI in Chitradurga District, Karnataka," Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, Educational Research Multimedia & Publications,India, vol. 11(3), pages 30-44, September.
    11. Jaydeep Mukherjee, 2016. "A comprehensive framework for adoption of mobile broadband services in Indian cities," Asian Journal of Empirical Research, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 6(1), pages 9-25, January.
    12. Nripendra P. Rana & Yogesh K. Dwivedi & Banita Lal & Michael D. Williams & Marc Clement, 2017. "Citizens’ adoption of an electronic government system: towards a unified view," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 549-568, June.
    13. Gartner, Johannes & Fink, Matthias & Maresch, Daniela, 2022. "The Role of Fear of Missing Out and Experience in the Formation of SME Decision Makers’ Intentions to Adopt New Manufacturing Technologies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    14. Iviane Ramos-de-Luna & Francisco Montoro-Ríos & Francisco Liébana-Cabanillas, 2016. "Determinants of the intention to use NFC technology as a payment system: an acceptance model approach," Information Systems and e-Business Management, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 293-314, May.
    15. Devaki Rau & Thorvald Haerem, 2010. "Applying an organizational learning perspective to new technology deployment by technological gatekeepers: A theoretical model and key issues for future research," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 12(3), pages 287-297, July.
    16. Wajeeha Aslam & Marija Ham & Imtiaz Arif, 2017. "Consumer Behavioral Intentions towards Mobile Payment Services: An Empirical Analysis in Pakistan," Tržište/Market, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, vol. 29(2), pages 161-176.
    17. Cansu TÜRKER & Abdullah OKUMUŞ, 2019. "Mobil Ödeme Kullanımına Yönelik Niyet ve Algıların SosyoDemografik Özelliklere Göre Farklılıklarının İncelenmesi," Istanbul Management Journal, Istanbul University Business School, vol. 0(87), pages 111-139, December.
    18. Hsiao, Chun Hua & Yang, Chyan, 2011. "The intellectual development of the technology acceptance model: A co-citation analysis," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 128-136.
    19. Yang, Kiseol, 2012. "Consumer technology traits in determining mobile shopping adoption: An application of the extended theory of planned behavior," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 19(5), pages 484-491.
    20. repec:dau:papers:123456789/13613 is not listed on IDEAS
    21. Haque, Md Ziaul & Qian, Aimin & Hoque, Md Rakibul & Lucky, Suraiea Akter, 2022. "A unified framework for exploring the determinants of online social networks (OSNs) on institutional investors’ capital market investment decision," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:19:p:12693-:d:934618. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.