IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i4p2234-d502042.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Innovative Multi-Layered Architecture for Heterogeneous Automation and Monitoring Systems: Application Case of a Photovoltaic Smart Microgrid

Author

Listed:
  • Isaías González

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

  • Antonio José Calderón

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

  • José María Portalo

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

Abstract

Intelligent energy facilities, e.g., smart grids and microgrids are the evolution of traditional energy grids through digital transformation. These modern paradigms are expected to foster the utilization of renewable energies, sustainable development, and resilience of the power grid. A barrier found when deploying experimental smart grids and microgrids consists of handling the heterogeneity of the required hardware and software components as well as the available commercial equipment. Despite the fact that there is various architecture proposed in previous literature, it commonly lacks experimental validation, specification of involved equipment concerning industrial/proprietary or open-source nature, and concretization of communication protocols. To overcome such drawbacks, this paper proposes an innovative multi-layered architecture to deploy heterogeneous automation and monitoring systems for microgrids. The architecture is structured into six functional layers to organize the hardware and software equipment in an integrated manner. The open protocol Modbus TCP is chosen to harmonize communications, enabling the interconnection of equipment from industrial and energy scopes, indeed of open-source nature. An experimental photovoltaic-based smart microgrid is reported as the application case to demonstrate the suitability and validity of the proposal.

Suggested Citation

  • Isaías González & Antonio José Calderón & José María Portalo, 2021. "Innovative Multi-Layered Architecture for Heterogeneous Automation and Monitoring Systems: Application Case of a Photovoltaic Smart Microgrid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-24, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:2234-:d:502042
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/2234/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/2234/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Martin-Martínez, F. & Sánchez-Miralles, A. & Rivier, M., 2016. "A literature review of Microgrids: A functional layer based classification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1133-1153.
    2. Mathias Uslar & Sebastian Rohjans & Christian Neureiter & Filip Pröstl Andrén & Jorge Velasquez & Cornelius Steinbrink & Venizelos Efthymiou & Gianluigi Migliavacca & Seppo Horsmanheimo & Helfried Bru, 2019. "Applying the Smart Grid Architecture Model for Designing and Validating System-of-Systems in the Power and Energy Domain: A European Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-40, January.
    3. Mariam, Lubna & Basu, Malabika & Conlon, Michael F., 2016. "Microgrid: Architecture, policy and future trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 477-489.
    4. José Miguel Paredes-Parra & Antonio Mateo-Aroca & Guillermo Silvente-Niñirola & María C. Bueso & Ángel Molina-García, 2018. "PV Module Monitoring System Based on Low-Cost Solutions: Wireless Raspberry Application and Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-20, November.
    5. Katja Sirviö & Kimmo Kauhaniemi & Aushiq Ali Memon & Hannu Laaksonen & Lauri Kumpulainen, 2020. "Functional Analysis of the Microgrid Concept Applied to Case Studies of the Sundom Smart Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-31, August.
    6. Aryuanto Soetedjo & Yusuf Ismail Nakhoda & Choirul Saleh, 2019. "An Embedded Platform for Testbed Implementation of Multi-Agent System in Building Energy Management System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-29, September.
    7. Cagnano, A. & De Tuglie, E. & Mancarella, P., 2020. "Microgrids: Overview and guidelines for practical implementations and operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    8. Mirko Ginocchi & Amir Ahmadifar & Ferdinanda Ponci & Antonello Monti, 2020. "Application of a Smart Grid Interoperability Testing Methodology in a Real-Time Hardware-In-The-Loop Testing Environment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-25, April.
    9. Teng, Sin Yong & Touš, Michal & Leong, Wei Dong & How, Bing Shen & Lam, Hon Loong & Máša, Vítězslav, 2021. "Recent advances on industrial data-driven energy savings: Digital twins and infrastructures," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    10. Mohamed A. Ahmed & Yong Cheol Kang & Young-Chon Kim, 2015. "Communication Network Architectures for Smart-House with Renewable Energy Resources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-20, August.
    11. Mojtaba Moghimi & Jiannan Liu & Pouya Jamborsalamati & Fida Hasan Md Rafi & Shihanur Rahman & Jahangir Hossain & Sascha Stegen & Junwei Lu, 2018. "Internet of Things Platform for Energy Management in Multi-Microgrid System to Improve Neutral Current Compensation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-22, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Babak Arbab-Zavar & Emilio J. Palacios-Garcia & Juan C. Vasquez & Josep M. Guerrero, 2021. "Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Communication Infrastructure for Grid-Connected AC Microgrids Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-31, September.
    2. Gul, Eid & Baldinelli, Giorgio & Bartocci, Pietro & Bianchi, Francesco & Domenghini, Piergiovanni & Cotana, Franco & Wang, Jinwen, 2022. "A techno-economic analysis of a solar PV and DC battery storage system for a community energy sharing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    3. Fan, Xinyuan & Zhang, Weige & Sun, Bingxiang & Zhang, Junwei & He, Xitian, 2022. "Battery pack consistency modeling based on generative adversarial networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    4. César Berna-Escriche & Carlos Vargas-Salgado & David Alfonso-Solar & Alberto Escrivá-Castells, 2022. "Hydrogen Production from Surplus Electricity Generated by an Autonomous Renewable System: Scenario 2040 on Grand Canary Island, Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-29, September.
    5. Jiang, Lulu & Deng, Zhongwei & Tang, Xiaolin & Hu, Lin & Lin, Xianke & Hu, Xiaosong, 2021. "Data-driven fault diagnosis and thermal runaway warning for battery packs using real-world vehicle data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    6. Maysam Abbasi & Ehsan Abbasi & Li Li & Ricardo P. Aguilera & Dylan Lu & Fei Wang, 2023. "Review on the Microgrid Concept, Structures, Components, Communication Systems, and Control Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-36, January.
    7. Muhammad Awais Shahid & Fiaz Ahmad & Fahad R. Albogamy & Ghulam Hafeez & Zahid Ullah, 2022. "Detection and Prevention of False Data Injection Attacks in the Measurement Infrastructure of Smart Grids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-25, May.
    8. Yukun Xu & Xiangyong Kong & Zheng Zhu & Chao Jiang & Shuang Xiao, 2022. "Recovery Algorithm of Power Metering Data Based on Collaborative Fitting," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-19, February.
    9. Loup-Noé Lévy & Jérémie Bosom & Guillaume Guerard & Soufian Ben Amor & Marc Bui & Hai Tran, 2022. "DevOps Model Appproach for Monitoring Smart Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-27, July.
    10. José María Portalo & Isaías González & Antonio José Calderón, 2021. "Monitoring System for Tracking a PV Generator in an Experimental Smart Microgrid: An Open-Source Solution," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-23, July.
    11. Isaías Gomes & Rui Melicio & Victor M. F. Mendes, 2021. "Assessing the Value of Demand Response in Microgrids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-16, May.
    12. Igor Kabashkin, 2023. "End-to-End Service Availability in Heterogeneous Multi-Tier Cloud–Fog–Edge Networks," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-23, October.
    13. Cheng Qian & Xing Liu & Colin Ripley & Mian Qian & Fan Liang & Wei Yu, 2022. "Digital Twin—Cyber Replica of Physical Things: Architecture, Applications and Future Research Directions," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-25, February.
    14. Alessandro Burgio & Domenico Cimmino & Andrea Nappo & Luigi Smarrazzo & Giuseppe Donatiello, 2023. "An IoT-Based Solution for Monitoring and Controlling Battery Energy Storage Systems at Residential and Commercial Levels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-21, March.
    15. Chukwuma Ogbonnaya & Chamil Abeykoon & Adel Nasser & Ali Turan & Cyril Sunday Ume, 2021. "Prospects of Integrated Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Systems in a Hydrogen Economy: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-33, October.
    16. Ahmed H. EL-Ebiary & Mahmoud A. Attia & Mostafa I. Marei & Mariam A. Sameh, 2022. "An Integrated Seamless Control Strategy for Distributed Generators Based on a Deep Learning Artificial Neural Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-14, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Norouzi, Farshid & Hoppe, Thomas & Elizondo, Laura Ramirez & Bauer, Pavol, 2022. "A review of socio-technical barriers to Smart Microgrid development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    2. Cagnano, A. & De Tuglie, E. & Mancarella, P., 2020. "Microgrids: Overview and guidelines for practical implementations and operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    3. Antoine Boche & Clément Foucher & Luiz Fernando Lavado Villa, 2022. "Understanding Microgrid Sustainability: A Systemic and Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-29, April.
    4. Hirsch, Adam & Parag, Yael & Guerrero, Josep, 2018. "Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 402-411.
    5. Miguel Carpintero-Rentería & David Santos-Martín & Josep M. Guerrero, 2019. "Microgrids Literature Review through a Layers Structure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-22, November.
    6. Fridgen, Gilbert & Kahlen, Micha & Ketter, Wolfgang & Rieger, Alexander & Thimmel, Markus, 2018. "One rate does not fit all: An empirical analysis of electricity tariffs for residential microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 800-814.
    7. Matthew Gough & Sérgio F. Santos & Mohammed Javadi & Rui Castro & João P. S. Catalão, 2020. "Prosumer Flexibility: A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review and Scientometric Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-32, May.
    8. Milis, Kevin & Peremans, Herbert & Van Passel, Steven, 2018. "The impact of policy on microgrid economics: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 3111-3119.
    9. Linda Barelli & Gianni Bidini & Fabio Bonucci & Luca Castellini & Simone Castellini & Andrea Ottaviano & Dario Pelosi & Alberto Zuccari, 2018. "Dynamic Analysis of a Hybrid Energy Storage System (H-ESS) Coupled to a Photovoltaic (PV) Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-23, February.
    10. Warneryd, Martin & Håkansson, Maria & Karltorp, Kersti, 2020. "Unpacking the complexity of community microgrids: A review of institutions’ roles for development of microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    11. Jose R Sicchar & Carlos T. Da Costa & Jose R. Silva & Raimundo C. Oliveira & Werbeston D. Oliveira, 2018. "A Load-Balance System Design of Microgrid Cluster Based on Hierarchical Petri Nets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-30, November.
    12. Álex Omar Topa Gavilema & José Domingo Álvarez & José Luis Torres Moreno & Manuel Pérez García, 2021. "Towards Optimal Management in Microgrids: An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-25, August.
    13. Reif, Valerie & Meeus, Leonardo, 2022. "Smart metering interoperability issues and solutions: Taking inspiration from other ecosystems and sectors," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    14. Kanakadhurga, Dharmaraj & Prabaharan, Natarajan, 2022. "Demand side management in microgrid: A critical review of key issues and recent trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    15. Kermani, Mostafa & Chen, Peiyuan & Göransson, Lisa & Bongiorno, Massimo, 2022. "A comprehensive optimal energy control in interconnected microgrids through multiport converter under N−1 criterion and demand response program," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 957-976.
    16. José Miguel Paredes-Parra & Antonio Javier García-Sánchez & Antonio Mateo-Aroca & Ángel Molina-García, 2019. "An Alternative Internet-of-Things Solution Based on LoRa for PV Power Plants: Data Monitoring and Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-20, March.
    17. Iolanda Saviuc & Herbert Peremans & Steven Van Passel & Kevin Milis, 2019. "Economic Performance of Using Batteries in European Residential Microgrids under the Net-Metering Scheme," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-28, January.
    18. Restrepo, Mauricio & Cañizares, Claudio A. & Simpson-Porco, John W. & Su, Peter & Taruc, John, 2021. "Optimization- and Rule-based Energy Management Systems at the Canadian Renewable Energy Laboratory microgrid facility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    19. Jihed Hmad & Azeddine Houari & Allal El Moubarek Bouzid & Abdelhakim Saim & Hafedh Trabelsi, 2023. "A Review on Mode Transition Strategies between Grid-Connected and Standalone Operation of Voltage Source Inverters-Based Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-41, June.
    20. Barelli, L. & Bidini, G. & Bonucci, F. & Castellini, L. & Fratini, A. & Gallorini, F. & Zuccari, A., 2019. "Flywheel hybridization to improve battery life in energy storage systems coupled to RES plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 937-950.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:2234-:d:502042. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.