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Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Turkish and Kuwaiti Teacher–Student Relationship Questionnaire in Physical Education (TSRQ- PE Teacher Version): Testing for Measurement Invariance

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  • Elif Nilay Ada

    (Sport Sciences Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Turkey)

  • Hasan Ahmad

    (The College of Basic Education, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Al Adiliya Area, Kuwait City 13092, Kuwait)

  • N. Bilge Uzun

    (Education Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey)

  • Sophia Jowett

    (School of Sport, Loughborough University, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough LE11 3TT, UK)

  • Zişan Kazak

    (Sport Sciences Faculty, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey)

Abstract

Background: Within the 3Cs (closeness, commitment, and complementarity) theoretical framework of the quality of two-person relationships, a coach–athlete relationship quality questionnaire (CART-Q) was developed and validated to assess the nature of the coach–athlete relationship. In this study, a modified version of the CART-Q for physical education (PE) was adapted to assess the teacher–student relationship quality in the PE context in Turkey and Kuwait. The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial validity of the teacher–student relationship quality questionnaire (TSRQ-PE) within a sample of Turkish and Kuwaiti physical education teachers. Methods : Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was used to test the measurement of cultural invariance between these two groups. A total of 175 teachers from Turkey (n = 73) and Kuwait (n = 102) completed the TPRQ-PE. Results : MGCFA supported the factorial validity of the TPRQ-PE in a three first-order factor model across the two countries. Overall, these results add evidence to the psychometric properties of the TPRQ-PE and suggest that this instrument can be applied to measure the quality of the teacher–student relationship within Turkey and Kuwait, although caution may be required when applied to drawing comparisons between these two counties. Conclusions : The results of the present study could help physical educators and researchers in this field to understand the reasons and methods that lead to a quality teacher–student relationship.

Suggested Citation

  • Elif Nilay Ada & Hasan Ahmad & N. Bilge Uzun & Sophia Jowett & Zişan Kazak, 2021. "Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Turkish and Kuwaiti Teacher–Student Relationship Questionnaire in Physical Education (TSRQ- PE Teacher Version): Testing for Measurement Invariance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-11, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:3:p:1387-:d:489082
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. William Meredith, 1993. "Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 58(4), pages 525-543, December.
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