IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i23p13239-d691265.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Efficacy, Energy Budgeting, and Carbon Footprints of Weed Management in Blackgram ( Vigna mungo L.)

Author

Listed:
  • Gurdeep Singh Malhi

    (Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India)

  • M. C. Rana

    (Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India)

  • Suresh Kumar

    (Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India)

  • Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani

    (Department of Agronomy, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan)

  • Abeer Hashem

    (Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah

    (Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Weed management in blackgram is one of the most efficient ways to improve its yield, as uncontrolled weed growth causes a significant decrease in crop yield. A field experiment was performed at Berthin, Himachal Pradesh, India, to investigate the efficacy, energy use efficiency (EUE), and carbon footprints of weed management tactics. Twelve weed control treatments were tested applied alone or in combination at pre and post emergence stages. The most prominent weeds were Cyperus iria , Dactyloctenium aegyptium , and Echinochloa colona , which caused a 68.1% loss in unweeded conditions. The application of weed control treatments reduced the weed count at 60 DAS from around 50% to 90%. The most efficient weed control treatment was pre-emergence (PRE) use of ready mix imazethapyr 35% + imazamox 35% WG @ 80 g ha −1 , which resulted in a minimum weed infestation (i.e., weed count and weed biomass) and consequently highest yield. Its efficacy in weed control treatment was on par with PRE use of ready mix imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35% WG @ 70 g ha −1 . Maximum energy use efficiency was also obtained upon PRE use of imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35% WG) @ 80 g ha −1 (8.27), trailed by PRE use of imazethapyr + imazamox @ 70 g ha −1 (7.84), mainly because of the higher yield obtained in these treatments which shows their efficiency in energy conversion. The carbon footprints were observed to be the lowest in ready mix combination of imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35% WG) applied at 80 g ha −1 (0.11 kg CE kg −1 yield), followed by imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35% WG) applied at 70 g ha −1 (0.12 kg CE kg −1 yield), as it resulted in the lowest emission per unit output production.

Suggested Citation

  • Gurdeep Singh Malhi & M. C. Rana & Suresh Kumar & Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani & Abeer Hashem & Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah, 2021. "Efficacy, Energy Budgeting, and Carbon Footprints of Weed Management in Blackgram ( Vigna mungo L.)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:23:p:13239-:d:691265
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/23/13239/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/23/13239/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kumar, Adarsh & Rana, K.S. & Choudhary, Anil K. & Bana, R.S. & Sharma, V.K. & Prasad, Shiv & Gupta, Gaurendra & Choudhary, Mukesh & Pradhan, Amaresh & Rajpoot, Sudhir K. & Kumar, Abhishek & Kumar, Ami, 2021. "Energy budgeting and carbon footprints of zero-tilled pigeonpea–wheat cropping system under sole or dual crop basis residue mulching and Zn-fertilization in a semi-arid agro-ecology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    2. Elsoragaby, Suha & Yahya, Azmi & Mahadi, Muhammad Razif & Nawi, Nazmi Mat & Mairghany, Modather, 2019. "Energy utilization in major crop cultivation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 1285-1303.
    3. Choudhary, Mukesh & Rana, K.S. & Bana, R.S. & Ghasal, P.C. & Choudhary, G.L. & Jakhar, Praveen & Verma, R.K., 2017. "Energy budgeting and carbon footprint of pearl millet – mustard cropping system under conventional and conservation agriculture in rainfed semi-arid agro-ecosystem," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1052-1058.
    4. Haina Wang & Yingsheng Yang & Xiaoyi Zhang & Guangdong Tian, 2015. "Carbon Footprint Analysis for Mechanization of Maize Production Based on Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study in Jilin Province, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-13, November.
    5. Ram Swaroop Meena & Sandeep Kumar & Rahul Datta & Rattan Lal & Vinod Vijayakumar & Martin Brtnicky & Mahaveer Prasad Sharma & Gulab Singh Yadav & Manoj Kumar Jhariya & Chetan Kumar Jangir & Shamina Im, 2020. "Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota and Management: A Review," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-21, January.
    6. Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada & Mattia Ferrari, 2020. "Environmental Policy Stringency, Technical Progress and Pollution Haven Hypothesis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-20, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mahran Sadiq & Nasir Rahim & Muhammad Aamir Iqbal & Mashael Daghash Alqahtani & Majid Mahmood Tahir & Afshan Majeed & Raees Ahmed, 2023. "Rhizobia Inoculation Supplemented with Nitrogen Fertilization Enhances Root Nodulation, Productivity, and Nitrogen Dynamics in Soil and Black Gram ( Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-16, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Singh, Ranbir & Singh, Ajay & Sheoran, Parvender & Fagodiya, R.K. & Rai, Arvind Kumar & Chandra, Priyanka & Rani, Sonia & Yadav, Rajender Kumar & Sharma, P.C., 2022. "Energy efficiency and carbon footprints of rice-wheat system under long-term tillage and residue management practices in western Indo-Gangetic Plains in India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PA).
    2. Kumar, Adarsh & Rana, K.S. & Choudhary, Anil K. & Bana, R.S. & Sharma, V.K. & Prasad, Shiv & Gupta, Gaurendra & Choudhary, Mukesh & Pradhan, Amaresh & Rajpoot, Sudhir K. & Kumar, Abhishek & Kumar, Ami, 2021. "Energy budgeting and carbon footprints of zero-tilled pigeonpea–wheat cropping system under sole or dual crop basis residue mulching and Zn-fertilization in a semi-arid agro-ecology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    3. Kumar, Ashok & Singh, Dilip & Mahapatra, S.K., 2022. "Energy and carbon budgeting of the pearl millet-wheat cropping system for environmentally sustainable agricultural land use planning in the rainfed semi-arid agro-ecosystem of Aravalli foothills," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    4. Kumar, Rakesh & Mishra, J.S. & Mondal, Surajit & Meena, Ram Swaroop & Sundaram, P.K. & Bhatt, B.P. & Pan, R.S. & Lal, Rattan & Saurabh, Kirti & Chandra, Naresh & Samal, S.K. & Hans, Hansraj & Raman, R, 2021. "Designing an ecofriendly and carbon-cum-energy efficient production system for the diverse agroecosystem of South Asia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    5. Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle & Roman Rudnicki & Łukasz Wiśniewski & Marta Gwiaździńska-Goraj & Mirosław Biczkowski, 2021. "The Agri-Environment-Climate Measure as an Element of the Bioeconomy in Poland—A Spatial Study," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-19, February.
    6. Karin Kauer & Sandra Pärnpuu & Liina Talgre & Viacheslav Eremeev & Anne Luik, 2021. "Soil Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter Increases in Organic Farming under Cover Cropping and Manure Addition," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-23, September.
    7. Carmen Díaz-Roldán & María del Carmen Ramos-Herrera, 2021. "Innovations and ICT: Do They Favour Economic Growth and Environmental Quality?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-17, March.
    8. Jianyun Zhang & Xinxin Li & Lingying Pan, 2022. "Policy Effect on Clean Coal-Fired Power Development in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-18, January.
    9. Sushanta Kumar Naik & Santosh Sambhaji Mali & Bal Krishna Jha & Rakesh Kumar & Surajit Mondal & Janki Sharan Mishra & Arun Kumar Singh & Ashis Kumar Biswas & Arbind Kumar Choudhary & Jaipal Singh Chou, 2023. "Intensification of Rice-Fallow Agroecosystem of South Asia with Oilseeds and Pulses: Impacts on System Productivity, Soil Carbon Dynamics and Energetics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-27, January.
    10. Sicheng Zhang & Rui Zhao & Kening Wu & Qin Huang & Long Kang, 2021. "Effects of the Rapid Construction of a High-Quality Plough Layer Based on Woody Peat in a Newly Reclaimed Cultivated Land Area," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-16, December.
    11. Mirosław Biczkowski & Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle & Roman Rudnicki, 2021. "The Impact of RDP Measures on the Diversification of Agriculture and Rural Development—Seeking Additional Livelihoods: The Case of Poland," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-26, March.
    12. Xiaowei Song & Yongpei Hao, 2021. "Research on the Vehicle Emission Characteristics and Its Prevention and Control Strategy in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-17, January.
    13. Eduardo Polloni-Silva & Diogo Ferraz & Flávia de Castro Camioto & Daisy Aparecida do Nascimento Rebelatto & Herick Fernando Moralles, 2021. "Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Pollution-Halo/Haven Hypotheses: An Investigation in Brazilian Municipalities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-19, April.
    14. Asongu, Simplice & Odhiambo, Nicholas, 2020. "The role of governance in quality education in sub-Saharan Africa," MPRA Paper 107497, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Sadik-Zada, Elkhan Richard & Gatto, Andrea, 2023. "Civic engagement and energy transition in the Nordic-Baltic Sea Region: Parametric and nonparametric inquiries," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 87(PA).
    16. Subhan Danish & Muhammad Zafar-ul-Hye & Shah Fahad & Shah Saud & Martin Brtnicky & Tereza Hammerschmiedt & Rahul Datta, 2020. "Drought Stress Alleviation by ACC Deaminase Producing Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Enterobacter cloacae , with and without Timber Waste Biochar in Maize," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-17, August.
    17. Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada & Wilhelm Loewenstein, 2020. "Drivers of CO 2 -Emissions in Fossil Fuel Abundant Settings: (Pooled) Mean Group and Nonparametric Panel Analyses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-24, August.
    18. Purushothaman Chirakkuzhyil Abhilash, 2021. "Restoring the Unrestored: Strategies for Restoring Global Land during the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (UN-DER)," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-19, February.
    19. Pritpal Singh & Gurdeep Singh & G. P. S. Sodhi, 2022. "Data envelopment analysis based optimization for improving net ecosystem carbon and energy budget in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivation: methods and a case study of north-western India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 2079-2119, February.
    20. Yongqiang Zhang & Hao Sun & Maosheng Ge & Hang Zhao & Yifan Hu & Changyue Cui & Zhibin Wu, 2023. "Difference in Energy Input and Output in Agricultural Production under Surface Irrigation and Water-Saving Irrigation: A Case Study of Kiwi Fruit in Shaanxi," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-18, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:23:p:13239-:d:691265. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.