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Can Different Salt Formulations Revert the Depressing Effect of Salinity on Maize by Modulating Plant Biochemical Attributes and Activating Stress Regulators through Improved N Supply?

Author

Listed:
  • Syed Ayyaz Javed

    (Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Saleem Arif

    (Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, GC University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Sher Muhammad Shahzad

    (Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Ashraf

    (Department of Soil Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Rizwana Kausar

    (Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Taimoor Hassan Farooq

    (Bangor College China, a Joint Unit of Bangor University, Wales, UK and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China)

  • M. Iftikhar Hussain

    (Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain)

  • Awais Shakoor

    (Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain)

Abstract

Salinity is a major constraint in improving agricultural productivity due to its adverse impact on various physiological and biochemical attributes of plants, and its effect on reducing nitrogen (N) use efficiency due to ion toxicity. To understand the relationship between sodium chloride (NaCl) and increased N application rates, a pot study was performed in which the ammonical (NH 4 + ) form of N was applied as urea to maize crops at different rates (control, 160, 186, 240, 267, 293, and 320 kg N ha −1 ) using two salinity levels (control and 10 dS m −1 NaCl). The results indicate that all biochemical and physiological attributes of the maize plant improved with increased concentration of N up to 293 kg ha −1 , compared to those in the control treatment. Similarly, the optimal N concentration regulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase activity (CAT), peroxidase activity (POD), and superoxide dismutases (SOD), and also increased the N use efficiencies of the maize crop up to 293 kg N ha −1 . Overall, our results show that the optimum level of N (293 kg ha −1 ) improved the salinity tolerance in the maize plant by activating stress coping physiological and biochemical mechanisms. This may have been due to the major role of N in the metabolic activity of plants and N assimilation enzymes activity such as nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR).

Suggested Citation

  • Syed Ayyaz Javed & Muhammad Saleem Arif & Sher Muhammad Shahzad & Muhammad Ashraf & Rizwana Kausar & Taimoor Hassan Farooq & M. Iftikhar Hussain & Awais Shakoor, 2021. "Can Different Salt Formulations Revert the Depressing Effect of Salinity on Maize by Modulating Plant Biochemical Attributes and Activating Stress Regulators through Improved N Supply?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:14:p:8022-:d:596673
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xuejun Liu & Ying Zhang & Wenxuan Han & Aohan Tang & Jianlin Shen & Zhenling Cui & Peter Vitousek & Jan Willem Erisman & Keith Goulding & Peter Christie & Andreas Fangmeier & Fusuo Zhang, 2013. "Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China," Nature, Nature, vol. 494(7438), pages 459-462, February.
    2. Feng, Genxiang & Zhang, Zhanyu & Wan, Changyu & Lu, Peirong & Bakour, Ahmad, 2017. "Effects of saline water irrigation on soil salinity and yield of summer maize (Zea mays L.) in subsurface drainage system," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 205-213.
    3. Kurt A. Schwabe & Iddo Kan & Keith C. Knapp, 2006. "Drainwater Management for Salinity Mitigation in Irrigated Agriculture," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 88(1), pages 133-149.
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    Cited by:

    1. Taimoor Hassan Farooq & Uttam Kumar & Awais Shakoor & Gadah Albasher & Saad Alkahtani & Humaira Rizwana & Muhammad Tayyab & Jalpa Dobaria & Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Pengfei Wu, 2021. "Influence of Intraspecific Competition Stress on Soil Fungal Diversity and Composition in Relation to Tree Growth and Soil Fertility in Sub-Tropical Soils under Chinese Fir Monoculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, September.

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