IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i14p7865-d594111.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammed Mahedi Hasan

    (ETEC Department & MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Nikos Avramis

    (TNO Automotive, Automotive Campus 30, 5708 JZ Helmond, The Netherlands)

  • Mikaela Ranta

    (VTT Technical Research Center, Vuorimiehentie 3, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland)

  • Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra

    (Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20500 Gipuzkoa, Spain)

  • Mohamed El Baghdadi

    (ETEC Department & MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Omar Hegazy

    (ETEC Department & MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

Abstract

The paper presents use case simulations of fleets of electric buses in two cities in Europe, one with a warm Mediterranean climate and the other with a Northern European (cool temperate) climate, to compare the different climatic effects of the thermal management strategy and charging management strategy. Two bus routes are selected in each city, and the effects of their speed, elevation, and passenger profiles on the energy and thermal management strategy of vehicles are evaluated. A multi-objective optimization technique, the improved Simple Optimization technique, and a “brute-force” Monte Carlo technique were employed to determine the optimal number of chargers and charging power to minimize the total cost of operation of the fleet and the impact on the grid, while ensuring that all the buses in the fleet are able to realize their trips throughout the day and keeping the battery SoC within the constraints designated by the manufacturer. A mix of four different types of buses with different battery capacities and electric motor specifications constitute the bus fleet, and the effects that they have on charging priority are evaluated. Finally, different energy management strategies, including economy (ECO) features, such as ECO-comfort, ECO-driving, and ECO-charging, and their effects on the overall optimization are investigated. The single bus results indicate that 12 m buses have a significant battery capacity, allowing for multiple trips within their designated routes, while 18 m buses only have the battery capacity to allow for one or two trips. The fleet results for Barcelona city indicate an energy requirement of 4.42 GWh per year for a fleet of 36 buses, while for Gothenburg, the energy requirement is 5 GWh per year for a fleet of 20 buses. The higher energy requirement in Gothenburg can be attributed to the higher average velocities of the bus routes in Gothenburg, compared to those of the bus routes in Barcelona city. However, applying ECO-features can reduce the energy consumption by 15% in Barcelona city and by 40% in Gothenburg. The significant reduction in Gothenburg is due to the more effective application of the ECO-driving and ECO-charging strategies. The application of ECO-charging also reduces the average grid load by more than 10%, while shifting the charging towards non-peak hours. Finally, the optimization process results in a reduction of the total fleet energy consumption of up to 30% in Barcelona city, while in Gothenburg, the total cost of ownership of the fleet is reduced by 9%.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Nikos Avramis & Mikaela Ranta & Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-42, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:14:p:7865-:d:594111
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/14/7865/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/14/7865/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Reinhilde Veugelers & Michele Cincera & Rainer Frietsch & Torben Schubert & Christian Rammer & Anita Pelle & Andrea Renda & Carlos Montalvo & Jos Leijten, 2015. "The Impact of Horizon 2020 on Innovation in Europe," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/195949, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    2. Jakov Topić & Jure Soldo & Filip Maletić & Branimir Škugor & Joško Deur, 2020. "Virtual Simulation of Electric Bus Fleets for City Bus Transport Electrification Planning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, July.
    3. Orlando Barraza & Miquel Estrada, 2021. "Battery Electric Bus Network: Efficient Design and Cost Comparison of Different Powertrains," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-28, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Harasis, Salman & Khan, Irfan & Massoud, Ahmed, 2024. "Enabling large-scale integration of electric bus fleets in harsh environments: Possibilities, potentials, and challenges," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    2. Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    3. Mohammed Al-Saadi & Josu Olmos & Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra & Joeri Van Mierlo & Maitane Berecibar, 2022. "Fast Charging Impact on the Lithium-Ion Batteries’ Lifetime and Cost-Effective Battery Sizing in Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-23, February.
    4. Kılkış, Şiir, 2023. "Integrated urban scenarios of emissions, land use efficiency and benchmarking for climate neutrality and sustainability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    5. Mohammed Al-Saadi & Bartosz Patkowski & Maciej Zaremba & Agnieszka Karwat & Mateusz Pol & Łukasz Chełchowski & Joeri Van Mierlo & Maitane Berecibar, 2021. "Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-35, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Valentino Marini Govigli & Sophie Alkhaled & Tor Arnesen & Carla Barlagne & Mari Bjerck & Catie Burlando & Mariana Melnykovych & Carmen Rodríguez Fernandez-Blanco & Patricia Sfeir & Elena Górriz-Mifsu, 2020. "Testing a Framework to Co-Construct Social Innovation Actions: Insights from Seven Marginalized Rural Areas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-26, February.
    2. Zvonimir Dabčević & Branimir Škugor & Jakov Topić & Joško Deur, 2022. "Synthesis of Driving Cycles Based on Low-Sampling-Rate Vehicle-Tracking Data and Markov Chain Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-21, June.
    3. Davide Castellani & Mariacristina Piva & Torben Schubert & Marco Vivarelli, 2018. "The source of the US /EU Productivity Gap:Less and less effective R&D," LEM Papers Series 2018/16, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    4. Francis F. Assadian, 2022. "Advanced Control and Estimation Concepts and New Hardware Topologies for Future Mobility," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-3, February.
    5. Castellani, Davide & Piva, Mariacristina & Schubert, Torben & Vivarelli, Marco, 2019. "R&D and productivity in the US and the EU: Sectoral specificities and differences in the crisis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 279-291.
    6. Li, Yanhao & Li, Xin & Zhang, Chengdong & Zhang, Yanxi, 2024. "Optimizing the photovoltaic-assisted electric bus network with rooftop energy supply," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    7. CATTARUZZO Sebastiano, 2020. "On R&D sectoral intensities and convergence clubs," JRC Working Papers on Corporate R&D and Innovation 2020-01, Joint Research Centre.
    8. Sebastiano Cattaruzzo & Agustí Segarra-Blasco & Mercedes Teruel, 2024. "Firm-level contributions to the R&D intensity distribution: evidence and policy implications," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(1), pages 45-65, January.
    9. Li, Yanhao & Li, Xin & Qiao, Jingyuan & Zhang, Chengdong, 2025. "Optimal design of bimodal hierarchical transit systems: Tradeoffs between costs and CO2 emissions," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    10. Marco Savastano & Carlo Amendola & Francesco Bellini & Fabrizio D’Ascenzo, 2019. "Contextual Impacts on Industrial Processes Brought by the Digital Transformation of Manufacturing: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-38, February.
    11. Castellani, Davide & Piva, Mariacristina & Schubert, Torben & Vivarelli, Marco, 2016. "The Productivity Impact of R&D Investment: A Comparison between the EU and the US," IZA Discussion Papers 9937, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    12. Alberto Broatch & Pablo Olmeda & Pau Bares & Sebastián Aceros, 2022. "Integral Thermal Management Studies in Winter Conditions with a Global Model of a Battery-Powered Electric Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-24, December.
    13. Gabriele Pellegrino & Mariacristina Piva, 2020. "Innovation, industry and firm age: are there new knowledge production functions?," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 10(1), pages 65-95, March.
    14. Yong-Jae Lee, 2025. "Steering towards future sustainability: a data-driven roadmap for eco-friendly road transport research in the European context," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 30(6), pages 1-37, August.
    15. Isaraj Loreta, 2025. "Navigating Complexity: Firm Age and Multi-Project Participation of SMEs in Horizon 2020," Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, Sciendo, vol. 60(4), pages 235-242.
    16. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.
    17. Xudong Diao & Ai Gao & Xin Jin & Hui Chen, 2022. "A Layer-Based Relaxation Approach for Service Network Design," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-13, October.
    18. Loreta Isaraj, 2023. "An Italian preview of evidences in accessing EU funds by the SMEs. Social and economic development leveraging in the R&D and Innovation capabilities," Academicus International Scientific Journal, Entrepreneurship Training Center Albania, issue 27, pages 117-142, January.
    19. Pablo CASAS & Tryfonas CHRISTOU & Valeria FERREIRA & Abián GARCIA RODRIGUEZ & Nicholas LAZAROU & Luis PEDAUGA & José Manuel RUEDA-CANTUCHE & Hannah BERNARD & Roberto VOLPE & Daniel NEICU & Simone SALO, 2025. "The RHOMOLO and FIDELIO interim evaluation of the impact of Horizon Europe," EU research an innovation paper series KI-01-25-112-EN-N, Directorate General for Research and Innovation (DG RTD) of the European Commission.
    20. Kouridis, Ch & Vlachokostas, Ch, 2022. "Towards decarbonizing road transport: Environmental and social benefit of vehicle fleet electrification in urban areas of Greece," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:14:p:7865-:d:594111. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.