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Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammed Mahedi Hasan

    (ETEC Department & MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Nikos Avramis

    (TNO Automotive, Automotive Campus 30, 5708 JZ Helmond, The Netherlands)

  • Mikaela Ranta

    (VTT Technical Research Center, Vuorimiehentie 3, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland)

  • Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra

    (Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20500 Gipuzkoa, Spain)

  • Mohamed El Baghdadi

    (ETEC Department & MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Omar Hegazy

    (ETEC Department & MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

Abstract

The paper presents use case simulations of fleets of electric buses in two cities in Europe, one with a warm Mediterranean climate and the other with a Northern European (cool temperate) climate, to compare the different climatic effects of the thermal management strategy and charging management strategy. Two bus routes are selected in each city, and the effects of their speed, elevation, and passenger profiles on the energy and thermal management strategy of vehicles are evaluated. A multi-objective optimization technique, the improved Simple Optimization technique, and a “brute-force” Monte Carlo technique were employed to determine the optimal number of chargers and charging power to minimize the total cost of operation of the fleet and the impact on the grid, while ensuring that all the buses in the fleet are able to realize their trips throughout the day and keeping the battery SoC within the constraints designated by the manufacturer. A mix of four different types of buses with different battery capacities and electric motor specifications constitute the bus fleet, and the effects that they have on charging priority are evaluated. Finally, different energy management strategies, including economy (ECO) features, such as ECO-comfort, ECO-driving, and ECO-charging, and their effects on the overall optimization are investigated. The single bus results indicate that 12 m buses have a significant battery capacity, allowing for multiple trips within their designated routes, while 18 m buses only have the battery capacity to allow for one or two trips. The fleet results for Barcelona city indicate an energy requirement of 4.42 GWh per year for a fleet of 36 buses, while for Gothenburg, the energy requirement is 5 GWh per year for a fleet of 20 buses. The higher energy requirement in Gothenburg can be attributed to the higher average velocities of the bus routes in Gothenburg, compared to those of the bus routes in Barcelona city. However, applying ECO-features can reduce the energy consumption by 15% in Barcelona city and by 40% in Gothenburg. The significant reduction in Gothenburg is due to the more effective application of the ECO-driving and ECO-charging strategies. The application of ECO-charging also reduces the average grid load by more than 10%, while shifting the charging towards non-peak hours. Finally, the optimization process results in a reduction of the total fleet energy consumption of up to 30% in Barcelona city, while in Gothenburg, the total cost of ownership of the fleet is reduced by 9%.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Nikos Avramis & Mikaela Ranta & Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-42, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:14:p:7865-:d:594111
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Reinhilde Veugelers & Michele Cincera & Rainer Frietsch & Torben Schubert & Christian Rammer & Anita Pelle & Andrea Renda & Carlos Montalvo & Jos Leijten, 2015. "The Impact of Horizon 2020 on Innovation in Europe," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/195949, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    2. Jakov Topić & Jure Soldo & Filip Maletić & Branimir Škugor & Joško Deur, 2020. "Virtual Simulation of Electric Bus Fleets for City Bus Transport Electrification Planning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, July.
    3. Orlando Barraza & Miquel Estrada, 2021. "Battery Electric Bus Network: Efficient Design and Cost Comparison of Different Powertrains," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-28, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    2. Mohammed Al-Saadi & Josu Olmos & Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra & Joeri Van Mierlo & Maitane Berecibar, 2022. "Fast Charging Impact on the Lithium-Ion Batteries’ Lifetime and Cost-Effective Battery Sizing in Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-23, February.
    3. Mohammed Al-Saadi & Bartosz Patkowski & Maciej Zaremba & Agnieszka Karwat & Mateusz Pol & Łukasz Chełchowski & Joeri Van Mierlo & Maitane Berecibar, 2021. "Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-35, September.

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