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Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammed Al-Saadi

    (MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
    Technical coordinator of the ASSURED project.)

  • Bartosz Patkowski

    (Solaris Bus & Coach sp. z o.o., Obornicka 46, Bolechowo Osie-dle, 62-005 Owińska, Poland)

  • Maciej Zaremba

    (Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacji Miejskiej Spolka Z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia, 9 Krakowska Street, 43-600 Jaworzno, Poland)

  • Agnieszka Karwat

    (Solaris Bus & Coach sp. z o.o., Obornicka 46, Bolechowo Osie-dle, 62-005 Owińska, Poland)

  • Mateusz Pol

    (Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacji Miejskiej Spolka Z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia, 9 Krakowska Street, 43-600 Jaworzno, Poland)

  • Łukasz Chełchowski

    (Solaris Bus & Coach sp. z o.o., Obornicka 46, Bolechowo Osie-dle, 62-005 Owińska, Poland
    Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Joeri Van Mierlo

    (MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Maitane Berecibar

    (MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium)

Abstract

This work presents a real-life demonstration of 23 heavy-duty (HD) public electric buses (e-buses) in Jaworzno, Poland, with three lengths: 8.9 m, 12 m, and 18 m. The e-bus demo is based on the development of baseline e-buses to optimize the operational cost based on technical optimization. The demo aims to switch public transportation from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric ones to minimize CO 2 emissions. The e-buses are equipped with standard charging solutions, which are plug-in charging with Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo 2) and pantograph-up (Type B). The CCS2 solution is used for overnight slow/normal charging (NC) in the depot of the e-bus operator, whereas the pantograph charging solutions are installed along the e-buses routes and used for fast charging (FC) when the e-buses are stopped for a short time. In Jaworzno, there are 20 chargers with CCS2 in the depot of the e-bus operator and 12 pantograph-up (Type B solution) fast-charging stations. This work studies the technical operations and operational costs of the e-bus fleet, and the impact of the NC and FC solutions on the Li-ion battery packs and on the grid. The uncoordinated/standard and coordinated charging (smart charging) based on load shifting were investigated to study the impact of e-bus fleet integration on the distribution grid. The exploited data in this study were collected from the data logger devices, which are installed on the e-buses and record over 46 signals. Data from over one year were collected, and some sample data were processed and analyzed to study the technical and economic operations of the e-bus fleet.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed Al-Saadi & Bartosz Patkowski & Maciej Zaremba & Agnieszka Karwat & Mateusz Pol & Łukasz Chełchowski & Joeri Van Mierlo & Maitane Berecibar, 2021. "Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-35, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:19:p:10639-:d:642780
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Nikos Avramis & Mikaela Ranta & Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-42, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Teresa Nogueira & José Magano & Ezequiel Sousa & Gustavo R. Alves, 2021. "The Impacts of Battery Electric Vehicles on the Power Grid: A Monte Carlo Method Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Manuel Mathes & Matthias Schmidt & Johannes Käsgen & Bruno Fievet & Pierre Van Tichelen & Maitane Berecibar & Mohammed Al-Saadi, 2022. "Heavy-Duty Battery Electric Buses’ Integration in Cities Based on Superfast Charging Technologies: Impact on the Urban Life," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-17, April.
    3. Armel Asongu Nkembi & Paolo Cova & Emilio Sacchi & Emanuele Coraggioso & Nicola Delmonte, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of Power Converters for E-Mobility," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-28, February.

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