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Sustainable Management of Organic Waste and Recycling for Bioplastics: A LCA Approach for the Italian Case Study

Author

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  • Giuliana Vinci

    (Department of Management, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Roberto Ruggieri

    (Department of Management, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Andrea Billi

    (Department of Legal and Economic Studies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Carmine Pagnozzi

    (Assobioplastiche, Piazza di S. Bernardo, 109, 00187 Rome, Italy)

  • Maria Vittoria Di Loreto

    (Department of Management, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Marco Ruggeri

    (Department of Management, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

The collection of the organic fraction in Italy recorded significant growth in the decade 2010–2019 (+74%) due to both the increase in the spread of separate waste collection as well as the increase in the biological treatment plants of municipal waste. However, within the organic fraction there remains a share of non-compostable material (NCM) (plastic, glass, aluminum, etc.), equal to ~5% of the total, which affects the efficiency of composting practices as well as decreasing both the yield and the quality of the final compost, causing a portion of organic material to be subtracted from composting and ending up in landfills. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to evaluate how the sustainability of the organic fraction collection and the amount of compost obtained in the composting plants could improve, following the use of biodegradable and compostable bioplastic bags (shoppers), in replacement for conventional plastic ones. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Carbon Footprint (CF) methodology was used for the assessment, comparing two different scenarios based on data relating to the collection of the organic fraction in Italy in 2019. Scenario 1 relates to the composting of organic material that also contains plastics, bioplastics, and non-compostable materials, while in scenario 2 the share of plastic material in the first scenario has been entirely replaced by bioplastics. The results show that scenario 2 assumes the lowest values for 15 impact categories out of the 18 analyzed, and, among these, in three categories it assumes negative values: ozone formation-terrestrial ecosystems (−1.64 × 10 −2 kg NO X eq), ozone formation-human health (−8.50 × 10 −3 kg NO X eq), and fossil resource scarcity (−4.91 × 10 2 kg oil eq). Furthermore, scenario 2 has a negative carbon footprint (−3.80 kg CO 2 eq) compared to scenario 1 (79.71 kg CO 2 eq), and in general it is the most sustainable scenario as a direct consequence of the greater amount of compost obtained (307.4 kg vs. 269.2 kg).

Suggested Citation

  • Giuliana Vinci & Roberto Ruggieri & Andrea Billi & Carmine Pagnozzi & Maria Vittoria Di Loreto & Marco Ruggeri, 2021. "Sustainable Management of Organic Waste and Recycling for Bioplastics: A LCA Approach for the Italian Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:11:p:6385-:d:568716
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Irena Wojnowska-Baryła & Dorota Kulikowska & Katarzyna Bernat, 2020. "Effect of Bio-Based Products on Waste Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-12, March.
    2. Aisha Al-Rumaihi & Gordon McKay & Hamish R. Mackey & Tareq Al-Ansari, 2020. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Food Waste Management Using Two Composting Techniques," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-23, February.
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    2. Eliana Mancini & Viviana Negro & Davide Mainero & Andrea Raggi, 2022. "The Use of a Simplified Carbon Footprint Tool for Organic Waste Managers: Pros and Cons," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, February.
    3. Alessandro Cardarelli & Marco Barbanera, 2023. "Substitution of Fossil Coal with Hydrochar from Agricultural Waste in the Electric Arc Furnace Steel Industry: A Comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-19, July.
    4. Donatella Restuccia & Sabrina Antonia Prencipe & Marco Ruggeri & Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri, 2022. "Sustainability Assessment of Different Extra Virgin Olive Oil Extraction Methods through a Life Cycle Thinking Approach: Challenges and Opportunities in the Elaio-Technical Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, November.

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