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Physical Activity and Commuting to School in Spanish Nine-Year-Old Children: Differences by Gender and by Geographical Environment

Author

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  • Jesús Martínez-Martínez

    (Faculty of Education of Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain)

  • Susana Aznar

    (Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain)

  • Sixto González-Víllora

    (Faculty of Education of Cuenca, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain)

  • Guillermo F. López-Sánchez

    (Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain)

Abstract

Children’s health status is related to their physical activity levels. Active commuting is associated with higher physical activity and reduced risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease incidence, and diabetes. The objective of this research was to study the levels of physical activity and the commuting to school (active vs. passive) in Spanish nine-year-old children, analyzing the differences by gender and by the geographical environment where they live (rural or urban environment). Accelerometry was used for the measurement of physical activity: Sedentary time (min/day), vigorous physical activity (min/day), moderate to vigorous physical activity (min/day), intensity (counts/min), steps (number). The questionnaire of the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) was used to determine the geographical environment (city/urban, residential area/outside city, rural/village) and the modes of transport (active: Walking and bicycle, passive: Car, motorcycle, public transport). A total of 455 Spanish nine-year-old children (247 girls and 208 boys) belonging to the EYHS participated in this study. The results showed that boys were significantly more physically active than girls ( p ≤ 0.001). Results also showed that active commuting to school was positively correlated with the levels of physical activity ( r = 0.324, p ≤ 0.001). The geographical environment influenced the way in which children went to school, being active commuting to school significantly ( p ≤ 0.001) less frequent in those children who lived in a rural environment (22.4%) than in those who lived in the city (57.1%) or in a residential area (62.7%). As active commuting to school means increasing levels of physical activity in both sexes, strategies should be implemented in order to encourage active commuting to schools, contributing at the same time to better health and sustainability of future generations.

Suggested Citation

  • Jesús Martínez-Martínez & Susana Aznar & Sixto González-Víllora & Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, 2019. "Physical Activity and Commuting to School in Spanish Nine-Year-Old Children: Differences by Gender and by Geographical Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:24:p:7104-:d:296817
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. McMillan, Tracy E., 2007. "The relative influence of urban form on a child's travel mode to school," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 69-79, January.
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    1. Pablo Campos-Garzón & Javier Sevil-Serrano & Yaira Barranco-Ruíz & Palma Chillón, 2020. "Objective Measures to Assess Active Commuting Physical Activity to School in Young People: A Systematic Review Protocol and Practical Considerations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-10, August.
    2. Richard Bailey & Francis Ries & Claude Scheuer, 2023. "Active Schools in Europe—A Review of Empirical Findings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-22, February.
    3. Rišová, Katarína, 2021. "Questioning gender stereotypes: A case study of adolescents walking activity space in a small Central European city," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    4. Salvador Baena-Morales & Daniel Jerez-Mayorga & Pedro Delgado-Floody & Jesús Martínez-Martínez, 2021. "Sustainable Development Goals and Physical Education. A Proposal for Practice-Based Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-17, February.

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