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A Framework for Measuring Urban Sustainability in an Emerging Region: The City of Duhok as a Case Study

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  • Azad Hassan

    (School of Planning, Design, and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
    Department of Economics, College of Economics and Administration, Nawroz University, Duhok 42001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq)

  • Zeenat Kotval-K

    (School of Planning, Design, and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA)

Abstract

The City of Duhok in Iraq, as one of the Kurdistan Region’s (KR) main cities, is concerned about sustainability but lacks the measures to guide urban policies. This study bridges this gap and offers an example of the use of urban sustainability indicators in an emerging region that experiences rapid urbanization and growth. The substantial objective of this study was to develop a functional framework of indicators to assess and measure urban sustainability for the city after KR’s declaration of autonomy in 1991 until 2010. That is, we limited our investigation to examining previous research, which decisively contains the approach to “measuring urban sustainability”. The study followed a three-step approach to examine urban sustainability as an integration of a few other relevant studies. The study concluded with two facts: First, the lack of progress on urban sustainability in the first decades resulted from the destabilized era that left the city administratively fragmented. Second, the political and economic watershed led to steady progress towards urban sustainability post-2005. The study highlights nine urban sustainability indicators, from a total of 39 indicators, that played an important role in navigating the general trend of urban sustainability in the city and how they can be used to promote future sustainable practices.

Suggested Citation

  • Azad Hassan & Zeenat Kotval-K, 2019. "A Framework for Measuring Urban Sustainability in an Emerging Region: The City of Duhok as a Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:19:p:5402-:d:272083
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