IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsoctx/v13y2023i8p196-d1221959.html

Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection

Author

Listed:
  • Eugène Loos

    (School of Governance, Utrecht University, 3511 ZC Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Johanna Gröpler

    (TH Wildau College, University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany)

  • Marie-Louise Sophie Goudeau

    (Utrecht University Library, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands)

Abstract

ChatGPT is a fascinating AI text generator tool. It is a language model developed by OpenAI, a research and deployment company with the mission, according to OpenAI’s website: “to ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity”. ChatGPT is able to generate human-like texts. But how does it work? What about the quality of the texts it provides? And is it capable of being self-reflective? Information sources must be efficient, effective and reliable in education, in order to enhance students’ learning process. For this reason, we started a dialogue with ChatGPT-3 while using, among others, a SWOT analysis it generated about its own functioning in an educational setting. This enabled us, as human authors, to analyze the extent to which this AI system is able to practice self-reflection. Finally, the paper sketches implications for education and future research.

Suggested Citation

  • Eugène Loos & Johanna Gröpler & Marie-Louise Sophie Goudeau, 2023. "Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection," Societies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsoctx:v:13:y:2023:i:8:p:196-:d:1221959
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/13/8/196/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/13/8/196/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chris Stokel-Walker, 2023. "ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove," Nature, Nature, vol. 613(7945), pages 620-621, January.
    2. Tyna Eloundou & Sam Manning & Pamela Mishkin & Daniel Rock, 2023. "GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models," Papers 2303.10130, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2023.
    3. Chokri Kooli, 2023. "Chatbots in Education and Research: A Critical Examination of Ethical Implications and Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-15, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yakup Balanteki̇n, 2026. "Improving students’ reading, comprehension, and reading motivation through texts generated from their prompts using ChatGPT-4: a mixed-method study," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Lian, Ying & Tang, Huiting & Xiang, Mengting & Dong, Xuefan, 2024. "Public attitudes and sentiments toward ChatGPT in China: A text mining analysis based on social media," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    3. Carlos Alexandre Gouvea da Silva & Felipe Negrelle Ramos & Rafael Veiga de Moraes & Edson Leonardo dos Santos, 2024. "ChatGPT: Challenges and Benefits in Software Programming for Higher Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-23, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jörg Garrel & Jana Mayer, 2023. "Artificial Intelligence in studies—use of ChatGPT and AI-based tools among students in Germany," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Gemma Rose Guarin & Gena O. Jugar & Joseph T. Gudelos & Nica Anaiza O. Boco & Mercy P. Cantal & Maui April Jane P. Durano & Erika Mae P. Robel & Trisha May F. Tundag & Beatrice D. Mabitad, 2025. "Perspectives, Practices, and Challenges of ChatGPT Utilization at Eastern Visayas State University Teacher Education Department," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 9(1), pages 4164-4185, January.
    3. Christoph Riedl & Eric Bogert, 2024. "Who Benefits from AI? Self-Selection, Skill Gap, and the Hidden Costs of AI Feedback," Papers 2409.18660, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2026.
    4. Carvajal, Daniel & Franco, Catalina & Isaksson, Siri, 2024. "Will Artificial Intelligence Get in the Way of Achieving Gender Equality?," Discussion Paper Series in Economics 3/2024, Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics, revised 28 Apr 2025.
    5. Naomi Hausman & Oren Rigbi & Sarit Weisburd, 2025. "Generative AI’s Impact on Student Achievement and Implications for Worker Productivity," CESifo Working Paper Series 11843, CESifo.
    6. Evangelos Katsamakas & Oleg V. Pavlov & Ryan Saklad, 2024. "Artificial intelligence and the transformation of higher education institutions," Papers 2402.08143, arXiv.org.
    7. Pawel Gmyrek & Janine Berg & David Bescond, 2025. "Generative AI and Jobs: An Analysis of Potential Effects on Global Employment," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 3, pages 6-30.
    8. Joy Buchanan & Stephen Hill & Olga Shapoval, 2024. "ChatGPT Hallucinates Non-existent Citations: Evidence from Economics," The American Economist, Sage Publications, vol. 69(1), pages 80-87, March.
    9. Ananiades, Eduardo & Antunes, Daví, 2025. "Transformation in the U.S. Labour Market Artificial Intelligence and Occupational Polarization in the 21st Century," MPRA Paper 125898, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2025.
    10. Abdulrahman M. Al-Zahrani, 2025. "Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots on Human Connection and Emotional Support Among Higher Education Students," SAGE Open, , vol. 15(2), pages 21582440251, May.
    11. Berlinski, Elise & Morales, Jérémy & Sponem, Samuel, 2024. "Artificial imaginaries: Generative AIs as an advanced form of capitalism," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    12. Caleb Peppiatt, 2024. "The Future of Work: Inequality, Artificial Intelligence, and What Can Be Done About It. A Literature Review," Papers 2408.13300, arXiv.org.
    13. Francesco D’Alessandro & Enrico Santarelli & Marco Vivarelli, 2026. "The KSTE + I approach and the advent of AI technologies: evidence from the European regions," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 51(1), pages 414-451, February.
    14. Amali Matharaarachchi & Wishmitha Mendis & Kanishka Randunu & Daswin De Silva & Gihan Gamage & Harsha Moraliyage & Nishan Mills & Andrew Jennings, 2024. "Optimizing Generative AI Chatbots for Net-Zero Emissions Energy Internet-of-Things Infrastructure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-19, April.
    15. Anna Davies & Betsy Donald & Mia Gray, 2023. "The power of platforms—precarity and place," Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 16(2), pages 245-256.
    16. Martin Adam & Kevin Bauer & Ekaterina Jussupow & Mari-Klara Stein & Alexander Benlian, 2025. "Generating Tomorrow’s Me: How Collaborating with Generative AI Changes Humans," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 67(5), pages 583-594, October.
    17. Ege Erdil & Andrei Potlogea & Tamay Besiroglu & Edu Roldan & Anson Ho & Jaime Sevilla & Matthew Barnett & Matej Vrzla & Robert Sandler, 2025. "GATE: An Integrated Assessment Model for AI Automation," Papers 2503.04941, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2025.
    18. Huseynov, Samir, 2025. "ChatGPT and the labor market: Unraveling the effect of AI discussions on students’ earning expectations," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    19. Guarascio, Dario & Reljic, Jelena & Stöllinger, Roman, 2025. "Diverging paths: AI exposure and employment across European regions," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 11-24.
    20. Christian Peukert & Florian Abeillon & Jérémie Haese & Franziska Kaiser & Alexander Staub, 2024. "Strategic Behavior and AI Training Data," CESifo Working Paper Series 11099, CESifo.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsoctx:v:13:y:2023:i:8:p:196-:d:1221959. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask MDPI Indexing Manager to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.