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Machine Learning (ML) in Medicine: Review, Applications, and Challenges

Author

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  • Amir Masoud Rahmani

    (Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
    Amir Masoud Rahmani and Amir Haider have contributed equally to this work.)

  • Efat Yousefpoor

    (Department of Computer Engineering, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful 73210, Iran)

  • Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor

    (Department of Computer Engineering, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful 73210, Iran)

  • Zahid Mehmood

    (Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan)

  • Amir Haider

    (School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
    Amir Masoud Rahmani and Amir Haider have contributed equally to this work.)

  • Mehdi Hosseinzadeh

    (Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeanggu, Seongnam 13120, Korea)

  • Rizwan Ali Naqvi

    (School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

Abstract

Today, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have dramatically advanced in various industries, especially medicine. AI describes computational programs that mimic and simulate human intelligence, for example, a person’s behavior in solving problems or his ability for learning. Furthermore, ML is a subset of artificial intelligence. It extracts patterns from raw data automatically. The purpose of this paper is to help researchers gain a proper understanding of machine learning and its applications in healthcare. In this paper, we first present a classification of machine learning-based schemes in healthcare. According to our proposed taxonomy, machine learning-based schemes in healthcare are categorized based on data pre-processing methods (data cleaning methods, data reduction methods), learning methods (unsupervised learning, supervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning), evaluation methods (simulation-based evaluation and practical implementation-based evaluation in real environment) and applications (diagnosis, treatment). According to our proposed classification, we review some studies presented in machine learning applications for healthcare. We believe that this review paper helps researchers to familiarize themselves with the newest research on ML applications in medicine, recognize their challenges and limitations in this area, and identify future research directions.

Suggested Citation

  • Amir Masoud Rahmani & Efat Yousefpoor & Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor & Zahid Mehmood & Amir Haider & Mehdi Hosseinzadeh & Rizwan Ali Naqvi, 2021. "Machine Learning (ML) in Medicine: Review, Applications, and Challenges," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(22), pages 1-52, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:9:y:2021:i:22:p:2970-:d:684285
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Amir Masoud Rahmani & Rizwan Ali Naqvi & Efat Yousefpoor & Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor & Omed Hassan Ahmed & Mehdi Hosseinzadeh & Kamran Siddique, 2022. "A Q-Learning and Fuzzy Logic-Based Hierarchical Routing Scheme in the Intelligent Transportation System for Smart Cities," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(22), pages 1-31, November.

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