The Impact of Cattle Grazing on Shrub Biomass: A Review on Temperate Ecosystems

Cattle grazing is particularly important to natural and semi-natural ecosystems, having often replaced grazing by smaller domestic ruminants such as goats and sheep. While cattle are mainly considered grazers rather than browsers, the pressures, direct or indirect, they exert on shrub encroachment are significant. Thus, their grazing and browsing activities can often be considered complementary to ecosystem management, especially in landscapes characterized by shrub presence and frequent wildfires. Several factors may influence the impact of cattle browsing, including the stocking rate, the specific breed of cattle, and their adaptation to the respective ecosystem, as well as the particular type of ecosystem. This review examines the impact of cattle browsing on shrubs across various temperate ecosystems. Findings indicate that cattle usually consume only 5–10% of woody forage, but exceptional browsers like Highland cattle can consume up to 45%, making them promising for controlling shrub encroachment. Nevertheless, grazing often negatively impacts shrub richness, especially when combined with management interventions or wildfires, thereby raising concerns about plant regeneration. Future research should prioritize the ecological value of indigenous browsing cattle breeds over productivity-focused goals; however, several studies fail to specify the breeds examined, thereby limiting the ability to draw breed-specific conclusions.