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Effects of Urban Park Construction Period on Plant Multidimensional Diversities, Landscape Patterns of Green Spaces, and Their Associations in Changchun City, Northeast China

Author

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  • Xiao Yao

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China)

  • Dan Zhang

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China)

  • Yuhang Song

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China)

  • Hongjian Zhang

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China)

  • Xiaolei Zhang

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China)

  • Yufei Chang

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China
    Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710075, China)

  • Xinyuan Ma

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China)

  • Ziyue Lu

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China)

  • Yuanyuan Wang

    (Changchun Academy of Forestry Sciences, Bureau of Forestry and Landscaping of Changchun, Changchun 130117, China)

Abstract

Understanding the characteristics of urban plant multidimensional diversity and urban green spaces (UGSs) landscape patterns is the central theme of urban ecology, providing theoretical support for UGSs management and biodiversity conservation. Taking Changchun, a provincial city, as an example, a total of 240 plots were surveyed using the stratified random sampling method. We studied the effects of the urban park construction period on plant multidimensional diversities, landscape patterns of green spaces, and their associations in Changchun City, Northeast China. The results indicated that total woody species and tree species diversity attributes were both the highest in the construction period of 2001–2020 and lowest in the construction period before 1940. However, shrub species diversity attributes were completely the opposite. Diameter at the breast height (DBH) diversity index (H d ) was the highest in the construction period before 1940 and lowest in the construction period of 2001–2020. However, the height diversity index (H h ) showed the opposite trend. Phylogenetic structures of total woody species and tree species showed divergent patterns in parks constructed before 1940 and 1940–2000 period, while that in 2001–2020 period could not be determined. In contrast, the phylogenetic structure of the shrub species clustered across all construction periods. Landscape pattern metrics varied significantly among different construction periods. Total Area (TA) was the highest in the construction period of 2001–2020. The structural equation model (SEM) revealed that construction periods exerted significant direct effects on both multidimensional diversities and landscape patterns of green spaces. Specifically, construction periods indirectly affected tree species diversity through structural diversity and influenced shrub species’ phylogenetic diversity through shrub species diversity. What is more, Patch Density (PD), Edge Density (ED), and Aggregation Index (AI) correlated with H h , which had a direct effect on the Shannon–Wiener diversity index of tree species (H′ t ). Overall, the results indicated that species diversity can be enhanced through regulating landscape patterns, rationally selecting tree species, and optimizing plant configuration. These above results can provide scientific references for the configuration of plant communities and selection of tree species in urban parks, and offer important guidance for urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiao Yao & Dan Zhang & Yuhang Song & Hongjian Zhang & Xiaolei Zhang & Yufei Chang & Xinyuan Ma & Ziyue Lu & Yuanyuan Wang, 2025. "Effects of Urban Park Construction Period on Plant Multidimensional Diversities, Landscape Patterns of Green Spaces, and Their Associations in Changchun City, Northeast China," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:4:p:675-:d:1618187
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rosseel, Yves, 2012. "lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 48(i02).
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