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Ranking of Empirical Evapotranspiration Models in Different Climate Zones of Pakistan

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  • Mohammed Magdy Hamed

    (Construction and Building Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), B 2401 Smart Village, Giza 12577, Egypt
    Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudia 81310, Malaysia)

  • Najeebullah Khan

    (Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal 90150, Pakistan)

  • Mohd Khairul Idlan Muhammad

    (Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudia 81310, Malaysia)

  • Shamsuddin Shahid

    (Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudia 81310, Malaysia)

Abstract

Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is vital for water resource development, planning and management, particularly in the present global warming context. A large number of empirical ET models have been developed for estimating ET. The main limitations of this method are that it requires several meteorological variables and an extensive data span to comprehend the ET pattern accurately, which is not available in most developing countries. The efficiency of 30 empirical ET models has been evaluated in this study to rank them for Pakistan to facilitate the selection of suitable models according to data availability. Princeton Global Meteorological Forcing daily climate data with a 0.25° × 0.25° resolution for 1948–2016 were utilized. The ET estimated using Penman–Monteith (PM) was considered as the reference. Multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) was used to rank the models for Pakistan. The results showed the temperature-based Hamon as the best model for most of Pakistan, followed by Hargreaves–Samani and Penman models. Hamon also showed the best performance in terms of different statistical metrics used in the study with a mean bias (PBias) of −50.2%, mean error (ME) of −1.62 mm and correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.65. Ivan showed the best performance among the humidity-based models, Irmak-RS and Ritch among the radiation-based models and Penman among the mass transfer-based models. Northern Pakistan was the most heterogeneous region in the relative performance of different ET models.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed Magdy Hamed & Najeebullah Khan & Mohd Khairul Idlan Muhammad & Shamsuddin Shahid, 2022. "Ranking of Empirical Evapotranspiration Models in Different Climate Zones of Pakistan," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:12:p:2168-:d:989529
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