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Satellite-based evapotranspiration over Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan: A comparative study

Author

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  • Al Zayed, Islam Sabry
  • Elagib, Nadir Ahmed
  • Ribbe, Lars
  • Heinrich, Jürgen

Abstract

Understanding the spatio-temporal variation of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) over irrigated agricultural areas helps to manage water. Many remote sensing (RS) methods have been developed recently to estimate ETa. Nevertheless, selecting the suitable method is still a challenge. The objective of this research is to evaluate four RS methods for estimating ETa over the large-scale Gezira Scheme of Sudan. Three methods, namely Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Mapping EvapoTranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) and Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB), were applied using Landsat images. Another RS dataset, i.e. ETa product from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite (MOD16A2), was also used in the comparison. The ETa methods were validated using field-scale water balance (WB) estimates during the 2004 crop season. Furthermore, the present study suggested the use of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and integrated NDVI (iNDVI) as an approach to assessing the performance of the ETa estimates from RS on daily and seasonal scales, respectively. Several performance measures were evaluated, and a score was given for each method in order to extract the most valuable information for water management out of four different methods. Based on ranking criteria, SSEB gave the best performance followed by SEBAL. METRIC is not suitable for estimating ETa where ground-data are limited. MOD16A2 was less sensitive to detection of ETa at field level because of pixel resolution, but it had high score at the scheme level. All methods showed similar spatial patterns of seasonal ETa, with a decreasing ETa gradient from southeast to northeast of the scheme. In conclusion, SSEB and MOD16A2 are seen as suitable operational ETa methods on the regional scale as both methods require less application time compared to the other complex models. SSEB has the advantage of estimating ETa on field scale and on daily basis. The results of this study contribute to improving the understanding of performance of such methods in large irrigation schemes in arid climate zones.

Suggested Citation

  • Al Zayed, Islam Sabry & Elagib, Nadir Ahmed & Ribbe, Lars & Heinrich, Jürgen, 2016. "Satellite-based evapotranspiration over Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan: A comparative study," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 66-76.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:177:y:2016:i:c:p:66-76
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2016.06.027
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    2. Salgado, Ramiro & Mateos, Luciano, 2021. "Evaluation of different methods of estimating ET for the performance assessment of irrigation schemes," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    3. Wagner Wolff, & Francisco, João Paulo & Flumignan, Danilton Luiz & Marin, Fábio Ricardo & Folegatti, Marcos Vinícius, 2022. "Optimized algorithm for evapotranspiration retrieval via remote sensing," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    4. Ahsan Ali & Yaseen A. Al-Mulla & Yassine Charabi & Ghazi Al-Rawas & Malik Al-Wardy, 2021. "Satellite-Based Water and Energy Balance Model for the Arid Region to Determine Evapotranspiration: Development and Application," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-22, November.
    5. Goelnitz, Anna & Al-Saidi, Mohammad, 2020. "Too big to handle, too important to abandon: Reforming Sudan’s Gezira scheme," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    6. Shubham Kumar & Ritesh Kumar & Manoj Kumar & Alok Kumar Pandey & Prashant K. Srivastava & Sanchit Kumar & Varun Narayan Mishra & V. S. Arya, 2025. "Spatio-temporal variability analysis of evapotranspiration, water use efficiency and net primary productivity in the semi-arid region of Aravalli and Siwalik range, India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(3), pages 7897-7918, March.
    7. Ali, Babkir, 2018. "Comparative assessment of the feasibility for solar irrigation pumps in Sudan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 413-420.

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