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Adjustment Criteria for Air-Quality Standards by Altitude: A Scoping Review with Regulatory Overview

Author

Listed:
  • Lenin Vladimir Rueda-Torres

    (Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru)

  • Julio Warthon-Ascarza

    (Centro de Investigación de Energía y Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08003, Peru)

  • Sergio Pacsi-Valdivia

    (Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru)

Abstract

Air-quality standards (AQS) are key regulatory tools to protect public health by setting pollutant thresholds. However, most are based on sea-level data. High-altitude (HA) environments differ in atmospheric conditions, influencing pollutant behavior and human vulnerability. These differences have prompted proposals for altitude-specific AQS adjustments. This systematic review identifies models and criteria supporting such adaptations and examines regulatory air-quality frameworks in countries with substantial populations living at very high altitudes (VHA). This review follows PRISMA-P guidelines, focusing on studies examining AQS adjustment approaches based on altitude. The Population/Concept/Context (PCC) framework was used to define search terms: population (AQS), concept (air pollutants), and context (altitude), with equivalents. The literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Gale OneFile: Environmental Studies and Policy. A total of 2974 articles were identified, with 2093 remaining after duplicate removal. Following title and abstract screening, 2081 papers were excluded, leaving 12 for full-text evaluation. Ultimately, six studies met the eligibility criteria. Three studies focused on adjustment models based on atmospheric conditions, such as temperature and pressure changes, while the other three examined human physiological responses, particularly the increased inhaled air volume. China, Peru, and Bolivia have the largest populations living above 3500 m a.s.l., yet none of these countries have specific air-quality regulations tailored to HA conditions. The review underscores the necessity for tailored AQS in HA environments, highlighting specific criteria related to both atmospheric conditions and human physiological responses.

Suggested Citation

  • Lenin Vladimir Rueda-Torres & Julio Warthon-Ascarza & Sergio Pacsi-Valdivia, 2025. "Adjustment Criteria for Air-Quality Standards by Altitude: A Scoping Review with Regulatory Overview," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(7), pages 1-20, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:7:p:1053-:d:1691630
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Meltem Kutlar Joss & Marloes Eeftens & Emily Gintowt & Ron Kappeler & Nino Künzli, 2017. "Time to harmonize national ambient air quality standards," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 62(4), pages 453-462, May.
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    4. Feng, Tong & Sun, Yuechi & Shi, Yating & Ma, Jie & Feng, Chunmei & Chen, Zhenni, 2024. "Air pollution control policies and impacts: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
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