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Differential Influence of Environmental Factors on Malaria Due to Vector Control Interventions in Uganda

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  • Margaux L. Sadoine

    (Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
    Center for Public Health Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada)

  • Audrey Smargiassi

    (Center for Public Health Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
    Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada)

  • Ying Liu

    (Center for Public Health Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
    Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada)

  • Philippe Gachon

    (ESCER (Étude et Simulation du Climat à l’Échelle Régionale) Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada)

  • Michel Fournier

    (Montreal Regional Department of Public Health, Montreal, QC H2L 1M3, Canada)

  • Guillaume Dueymes

    (ESCER (Étude et Simulation du Climat à l’Échelle Régionale) Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada)

  • Jane Frances Namuganga

    (Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda)

  • Grant Dorsey

    (Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA)

  • Bouchra Nasri

    (Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
    Center for Public Health Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada)

  • Kate Zinszer

    (Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
    Center for Public Health Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada)

Abstract

Background: Few studies have explored how vector control interventions may modify associations between environmental factors and malaria. Methods: We used weekly malaria cases reported from six public health facilities in Uganda. Environmental variables (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and vegetation) were extracted from remote sensing sources. The non-linearity of environmental variables was investigated, and negative binomial regression models were used to explore the influence of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on associations between environmental factors and malaria incident cases for each site as well as pooled across the facilities, with or without considering the interaction between environmental variables and vector control interventions. Results: An average of 73.3 weekly malaria cases per site (range: 0–597) occurred between 2010 and 2018. From the pooled model, malaria risk related to environmental variables was reduced by about 35% with LLINs and 63% with IRS. Significant interactions were observed between some environmental variables and vector control interventions. There was site-specific variability in the shape of the environment–malaria risk relationship and in the influence of interventions (6 to 72% reduction in cases with LLINs and 43 to 74% with IRS). Conclusion: The influence of vector control interventions on the malaria–environment relationship need to be considered at a local scale in order to efficiently guide control programs.

Suggested Citation

  • Margaux L. Sadoine & Audrey Smargiassi & Ying Liu & Philippe Gachon & Michel Fournier & Guillaume Dueymes & Jane Frances Namuganga & Grant Dorsey & Bouchra Nasri & Kate Zinszer, 2023. "Differential Influence of Environmental Factors on Malaria Due to Vector Control Interventions in Uganda," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(22), pages 1-13, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:22:p:7042-:d:1276954
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jane F. Namuganga & Adrienne Epstein & Joaniter I. Nankabirwa & Arthur Mpimbaza & Moses Kiggundu & Asadu Sserwanga & James Kapisi & Emmanuel Arinaitwe & Samuel Gonahasa & Jimmy Opigo & Chris Ebong & S, 2021. "The impact of stopping and starting indoor residual spraying on malaria burden in Uganda," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Simon N. Wood, 2004. "Stable and Efficient Multiple Smoothing Parameter Estimation for Generalized Additive Models," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 99, pages 673-686, January.
    3. Gi-geun Yang & Dohyeong Kim & Anh Pham & Christopher John Paul, 2018. "A Meta-Regression Analysis of the Effectiveness of Mosquito Nets for Malaria Control: The Value of Long-Lasting Insecticide Nets," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-12, March.
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