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Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Special Education Schools from a Multi-Informant Perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Evelyne C. P. Offerman

    (Orion, Special Education, Bijlmerdreef 1289-2, 1103 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Michiel W. Asselman

    (Orion, Special Education, Bijlmerdreef 1289-2, 1103 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Floor Bolling

    (Orion, Special Education, Bijlmerdreef 1289-2, 1103 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Petra Helmond

    (Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Geert-Jan J. M. Stams

    (Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Ramón J. L. Lindauer

    (Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with an increased risk of developing severe emotional and behavioral problems; however, little research is published on ACEs for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in special education (SE) schools. We therefore systematically explored the prevalence, type and timing of ACEs in these students from five urban SE schools in the Netherlands ( M age = 11.58 years; 85.1% boys) from a multi-informant perspective, using students’ self-reports ( n = 169), parent reports ( n = 95) and school files ( n = 172). Almost all students experienced at least one ACE (96.4% self-reports, 89.5% parent reports, 95.4% school files), and more than half experienced four or more ACEs (74.5% self-reports, 62.7% parent reports, 59.9% school files). A large majority of students experienced maltreatment, which often co-occurred with household challenges and community stressors. Additionally, 45.9% of the students experienced their first ACE before the age of 4. Students with EBD in SE who live in poverty or in single-parent households were more likely to report multiple ACEs. Knowledge of the prevalence of ACEs may help understand the severe problems and poor long-term outcomes of students with EBD in SE.

Suggested Citation

  • Evelyne C. P. Offerman & Michiel W. Asselman & Floor Bolling & Petra Helmond & Geert-Jan J. M. Stams & Ramón J. L. Lindauer, 2022. "Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Special Education Schools from a Multi-Informant Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-28, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:6:p:3411-:d:770655
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jessica Vervoort-Schel & Gabriëlle Mercera & Inge Wissink & Emmelie Mink & Peer Van der Helm & Ramón Lindauer & Xavier Moonen, 2018. "Adverse Childhood Experiences in Children with Intellectual Disabilities: An Exploratory Case-File Study in Dutch Residential Care," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-21, September.
    2. Trout, Alexandra L. & Hagaman, Jessica & Casey, Kathryn & Reid, Robert & Epstein, Michael H., 2008. "The academic status of children and youth in out-of-home care: A review of the literature," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(9), pages 979-994, September.
    3. Scarborough, Anita A. & McCrae, Julie S., 2010. "School-age special education outcomes of infants and toddlers investigated for maltreatment," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 80-88, January.
    4. Pronk, S. & Mulder, E.A. & van den Berg, G. & Stams, G.J.J.M. & Popma, A. & Kuiper, C., 2020. "Differences between adolescents who do and do not successfully complete their program within a non-residential alternative education facility," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
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