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Design and Validation of the Non-Verbal Immediacy Scale (NVIS) for the Evaluation of Non-Verbal Language in University Professors

Author

Listed:
  • Pilar Puertas-Molero

    (Department of Didactics of Musical, Artistic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain)

  • Félix Zurita-Ortega

    (Department of Didactics of Musical, Artistic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain)

  • Gabriel González-Valero

    (Department of Didactics of Musical, Artistic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences (Melilla), University of Granada, 52006 Melilla, Spain)

  • José Luis Ortega-Martín

    (Department of Didactics of Language and Literature, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Granada, 18271 Granada, Spain)

Abstract

Knowledge and awareness of how to use non-verbal language is essential for the educational field. For this reason, the aim of this study was to develop a validation that validly and reliably measures the analysis of non-verbal language in university teachers. Content validation was carried out by applying the Delphi technique and through an exploratory and confirmatory analysis. The validity of understanding is given by the application of the scale to 1316 university teachers between 24 and 67 years of age. The initial data collected through the Delphi technique provided some modifications. The final scale, called Non-verbal immediacy, was composed of a total of 26 items that presented satisfactory adjustments in both comprehension and outcome validity. Confirmatory factor analysis determined three dimensions (kinesics, paralanguage, and proxemics). These factors will be a new element for future lines of research related to the teaching-learning process, as high relationships have been demonstrated between non-verbal language and psychosocial aspects implicit in teaching practice, as well as comprehension and student learning.

Suggested Citation

  • Pilar Puertas-Molero & Félix Zurita-Ortega & Gabriel González-Valero & José Luis Ortega-Martín, 2022. "Design and Validation of the Non-Verbal Immediacy Scale (NVIS) for the Evaluation of Non-Verbal Language in University Professors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1159-:d:729699
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gabriel González-Valero & Félix Zurita-Ortega & Ramón Chacón-Cuberos & Pilar Puertas-Molero, 2019. "Analysis of Motivational Climate, Emotional Intelligence, and Healthy Habits in Physical Education Teachers of the Future Using Structural Equations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-12, July.
    2. Henry Kaiser, 1974. "An index of factorial simplicity," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 39(1), pages 31-36, March.
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