IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i15p9541-d879658.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The North Italian Longitudinal Study Assessing the Mental Health Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Health Care Workers—Part II: Structural Validity of Scales Assessing Mental Health

Author

Listed:
  • Emanuele Maria Giusti

    (Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 20149 Milan, Italy
    Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy)

  • Giovanni Veronesi

    (EPIMED Research Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy)

  • Camilla Callegari

    (Division of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy)

  • Gianluca Castelnuovo

    (Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy
    Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 28824 Verbania, Italy)

  • Licia Iacoviello

    (EPIMED Research Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
    Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy)

  • Marco Mario Ferrario

    (EPIMED Research Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy)

Abstract

It is unclear if the factor structure of the questionnaires that were employed by studies addressing the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of Healthcare Workers (HCW) did not change due to the pandemic. The aim of this study is to assess the factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the factor structure of the General Health Questionnare-12 (GHQ-12), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5-Short Form (PCL-5-SF), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10) and Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF). Out of n = 805 HCWs from a University hospital who responded to a pre-COVID-19 survey, n = 431 were re-assessed after the COVID-19 outbreak. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on the MBI showed adequate fit and good internal consistency only after removal of items 2, 6, 12 and 16. The assumptions of configural and metric longitudinal invariance were met, whereas scalar longitudinal invariance did not hold. CFAs and exploratory bifactor analyses performed using data from the second wave confirmed that the GHQ-12, the PCL-5-SF, the PTGI-SF and the CD-RISC-10 were unidimensional. In conclusion, we found support for a refined version of the MBI. The comparison of mean MBI values in HCWs before and after the pandemic should be interpreted with caution.

Suggested Citation

  • Emanuele Maria Giusti & Giovanni Veronesi & Camilla Callegari & Gianluca Castelnuovo & Licia Iacoviello & Marco Mario Ferrario, 2022. "The North Italian Longitudinal Study Assessing the Mental Health Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Health Care Workers—Part II: Structural Validity of Scales Assessing Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9541-:d:879658
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/15/9541/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/15/9541/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Barbara Loera & Daniela Converso & Sara Viotti, 2014. "Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among Italian Nurses: How Many Factors Must a Researcher Consider?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(12), pages 1-18, December.
    2. John Schmid & John Leiman, 1957. "The development of hierarchical factor solutions," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 22(1), pages 53-61, March.
    3. Marialaura Di Tella & Annunziata Romeo & Georgia Zara & Lorys Castelli & Michele Settanni, 2022. "The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5: Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Giovanni Veronesi & Emanuele Maria Giusti & Alessia D’Amato & Francesco Gianfagna & Rossana Borchini & Gianluca Castelnuovo & Licia Iacoviello & Marco Mario Ferrario, 2022. "The North Italian Longitudinal Study Assessing the Mental Health Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Health Care Workers—Part I: Study Design and Psychometric Structural Validity of the HSE Indicator To," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-12, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Linda Ruan-Iu & Laura L. Pendergast & Pei-Chun Liao & Paul Jones & Nathaniel von der Embse & Marco Innamorati & Michela Balsamo, 2023. "Measuring Depression in Young Adults: Preliminary Development of an English Version of the Teate Depression Inventory," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(15), pages 1-11, July.
    2. Mohan, Geetha & Sivakumaran, Bharadhwaj & Sharma, Piyush, 2012. "Store environment's impact on variety seeking behavior," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 419-428.
    3. Meng-Tsang Hsieh & Jung-Sheng Chen & Chung-Ying Lin & Cheng-Fang Yen & Mark D. Griffiths & Yu-Te Huang, 2021. "Measurement Invariance of the Sexual Orientation Microaggression Inventory across LGB Males and Females in Taiwan: Bifactor Structure Fits the Best," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-12, October.
    4. Giofrè, David & Pastore, Massimiliano & Cornoldi, Cesare & Toffalini, Enrico, 2019. "Lumpers vs. splitters: Intelligence in children with specific learning disorders," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 1-1.
    5. Kan, Kees-Jan & van der Maas, Han L.J. & Levine, Stephen Z., 2019. "Extending psychometric network analysis: Empirical evidence against g in favor of mutualism?," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 52-62.
    6. Carlo Cavicchia & Maurizio Vichi & Giorgia Zaccaria, 2020. "The ultrametric correlation matrix for modelling hierarchical latent concepts," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 14(4), pages 837-853, December.
    7. Sergio Edú-Valsania & Ana Laguía & Juan A. Moriano, 2022. "Burnout: A Review of Theory and Measurement," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-27, February.
    8. Jeanne A. Teresi & Katja Ocepek-Welikson & John A. Toner & Marjorie Kleinman & Mildred Ramirez & Joseph P. Eimicke & Barry J. Gurland & Albert Siu, 2017. "Methodological Issues in Measuring Subjective Well-Being and Quality-of-Life: Applications to Assessment of Affect in Older, Chronically and Cognitively Impaired, Ethnically Diverse Groups Using the F," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 12(2), pages 251-288, June.
    9. Daniela Converso & Ilaria Sottimano & Giorgia Molinengo & Barbara Loera, 2019. "The Unbearable Lightness of the Academic Work: The Positive and Negative Sides of Heavy Work Investment in a Sample of Italian University Professors and Researchers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-16, April.
    10. Zahra Ghasemi Kooktapeh & Hakimeh Dustmohammadloo & Hooman Mehrdoost & Farivar Fatehi, 2023. "In the Line of Fire: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Job Burnout Among Nurses," Papers 2312.14853, arXiv.org.
    11. David J. Hessen, 2017. "Lower Bounds to the Reliabilities of Factor Score Estimators," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 82(3), pages 648-659, September.
    12. P. Bentler, 1986. "Structural modeling and psychometrika: An historical perspective on growth and achievements," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 51(1), pages 35-51, March.
    13. Monia Vagni & Valeria Giostra & Tiziana Maiorano & Giuliano Santaniello & Daniela Pajardi, 2020. "Personal Accomplishment and Hardiness in Reducing Emergency Stress and Burnout among COVID-19 Emergency Workers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-18, October.
    14. Harold Bechtoldt, 1961. "An empirical study of the factor analysis stability hypothesis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 26(4), pages 405-432, December.
    15. Kin Cheung & Tsz Leung Yip & C L Johnny Wan & Hilda Tsang & Lillian Weiwei Zhang & Anna Parpala, 2020. "Differences in study workload stress and its associated factors between transfer students and freshmen entrants in an Asian higher education context," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(5), pages 1-23, May.
    16. Watson, Dorothy & Maître, Bertrand & Whelan, Christopher T., 2012. "Understanding Childhood Deprivation in Ireland," Research Series, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), number BKMNEXT125, June.
    17. Carlo Cavicchia & Maurizio Vichi & Giorgia Zaccaria, 2022. "Gaussian mixture model with an extended ultrametric covariance structure," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 16(2), pages 399-427, June.
    18. Bongiorno, Christian & Miccichè, Salvatore & Mantegna, Rosario N., 2022. "Statistically validated hierarchical clustering: Nested partitions in hierarchical trees," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 593(C).
    19. Petr Květon & Martin Jelínek & Iva Burešová, 2022. "Psychometric Properties of the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 in Czech Adolescent Athletes: An Exploratory Approach," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(3), pages 21582440221, July.
    20. Carlo Cavicchia & Maurizio Vichi, 2021. "Statistical Model-Based Composite Indicators for Tracking Coherent Policy Conclusions," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 156(2), pages 449-479, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9541-:d:879658. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.