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Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility Are Associated with Body Fat Distribution and Obesity Risk Using Bioelectrical Impedance in Taiwanese Adults

Author

Listed:
  • Hsiu-Hsi Chiang

    (Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan)

  • Po-Fu Lee

    (Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Ilan University, Yilan County 260, Taiwan
    College of Humanities and Management, National Ilan University, Yilan County 260, Taiwan)

  • Yun-Tsung Chen

    (Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan)

  • Chi-Fang Lin

    (Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan)

  • Shu Xu

    (Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA)

  • Yi-Tien Lin

    (Superintendent Office, Fu Jen Catholic Hospital, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
    Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan)

  • Yu-Ting Lin

    (Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei City 111, Taiwan)

  • Yan-Jhu Su

    (Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA)

  • Ben-Chang Shia

    (Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
    Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan)

  • Wen-Sheng ChangChien

    (Innovation Lab, H2U Corporation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan)

  • Chien-Chang Ho

    (Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
    Research and Development Center for Physical Education, Health, and Information Technology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
    Office of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan)

Abstract

In terms of public health, obesity and overweight have become major concerns worldwide. Nevertheless, regarding body composition, it is important to have a more precise understanding of the fat-to-muscle ratio. Hence, this study aimed to adopt bioelectrical impedance measurements to test body fat percentage (BF%) and to determine the associations between health-related physical fitness and both body fat (BF) distribution and BF obesity risk in Taiwanese adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study and reviewed data derived from Taiwan’s Scientific Physical Fitness Survey. From the database, responses from 17,970 participants aged 23–64 years were collected in this study. Each participant completed a series of health-related physical fitness measurements, including cardiorespiratory fitness (3 min of a progressive knee-up and step (3MPKS) test), muscular fitness (hand-grip strength), and flexibility (sit-and-reach test). The BF% of each participant was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis method. BF% was negatively associated with low performance on the 3MPKS (β = 11.314, p < 0.0001 for men; β = 12.308, p < 0.0001 for women), hand-grip strength ( β = 2.071, p < 0.0001 for men; β = 0.859, p < 0.0001 for women), and sit-and-reach ( β = 0.337, p = 0.008 for women) tests but was positively associated with sit-and-reach ( β = −0.394, p = 0.004 for men). A risk of BF obesity for low performance of 3MPKS (odds ratio (OR) = 26.554, p < 0.0001 for men; OR = 25.808, p < 0.0001 for women), hand-grip strength (OR = 1.682, p < 0.0001 for men; OR = 1.234, p < 0.0001 for women), and sit-and-reach (OR = 1.142, p = 0.007 for women) tests was observed. These results suggest that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility are associated with an increased risk of BF obesity.

Suggested Citation

  • Hsiu-Hsi Chiang & Po-Fu Lee & Yun-Tsung Chen & Chi-Fang Lin & Shu Xu & Yi-Tien Lin & Yu-Ting Lin & Yan-Jhu Su & Ben-Chang Shia & Wen-Sheng ChangChien & Chien-Chang Ho, 2022. "Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility Are Associated with Body Fat Distribution and Obesity Risk Using Bioelectrical Impedance in Taiwanese Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-11, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:14:p:8858-:d:868287
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fang Li & Chun-Hao Chang & Yu-Chun Chung & Huey-June Wu & Nai-Wen Kan & Wen-Sheng ChangChien & Chin-Shan Ho & Chi-Chang Huang, 2021. "Development and Validation of 3 Min Incremental Step-In-Place Test for Predicting Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Home Settings: A Submaximal Exercise Study to Assess Cardiorespiratory Fitness," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-13, October.
    2. Po-Fu Lee & Chien-Chang Ho & Ding-Peng Yeh & Chang-Tsen Hung & Yun-Chi Chang & Chia-Chen Liu & Ching-Yu Tseng & Xin-Yu Hsieh, 2020. "Cross-Sectional Associations of Physical Fitness Performance Level and Sleep Duration among Older Adults: Results from the National Physical Fitness Survey in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-11, January.
    3. Cawley, John & Meyerhoefer, Chad, 2012. "The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 219-230.
    4. Emmanuel Bonney & Gillian Ferguson & Bouwien Smits-Engelsman, 2018. "Relationship between Body Mass Index, Cardiorespiratory and Musculoskeletal Fitness among South African Adolescent Girls," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-12, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Feng Sun & Qiang He & Xiaohan Sun & Jianxin Wang, 2022. "The Association between Body Mass Index and Muscular Fitness in Chinese College Freshmen," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-13, October.

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