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Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Malay Version of the Protection Motivation Theory Scale Questionnaire for Pap Smear Screening

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  • Rodziah Romli

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
    Institut Latihan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia Alor Setar, Ministry of Health, Alor Setar 05250, Malaysia)

  • Emma Mirza Wati Mohamad

    (Centre for Research in Media and Communication (MENTION), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia)

  • Rahana Abd Rahman

    (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Kah Teik Chew

    (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Syahnaz Mohd Hashim

    (Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Azmawati Mohammed Nawi

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

Abstract

Pap smear screening can detect cervical cancer early, but is underutilized. Motivational factors play a role in ensuring that women undergo Pap smear screening. This study was conducted to validate the adapted instrument, which was based on the protection motivation theory (PMT), into the Malay language to evaluate the motivational factors for Pap smear screening among women. The original 26-item PMT scale was developed based on seven constructs of the PMT framework. The adaptation involved translation by bilingual experts ( n = 4), followed by synthesis ( n = 6). Subsequently, we performed content validation (content validation index, CVI) among the health experts ( n = 5) and face validation (face validation index, FVI) among women ( n = 11). Reliability testing for internal consistency was determined via the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of women aged between 21 and 65 years ( n = 150). One item was deleted based on the expert consensus, leaving a total of 25 items after the adaptation. The validation yielded a good CVI and FVI. Prior to CFA reliability testing, one item was deleted due to very low factor loading. The CFA indicated a good fit for 24 items. The factor loading (range: 0.45–0.98), average variance extracted (range: 0.44–0.90), and composite reliability (range: 0.69–0.97) indicated that the convergent validity for each construct was acceptable, except for the perceived vulnerability. However, the perceived vulnerability construct was accepted based on expert verification. We confirmed that the translation, cross-cultural, adaptation, and validation of the Malay-version PMT scale were valid and reliable. The scale contains 24 items that represent the seven constructs of the PMT framework.

Suggested Citation

  • Rodziah Romli & Emma Mirza Wati Mohamad & Rahana Abd Rahman & Kah Teik Chew & Syahnaz Mohd Hashim & Azmawati Mohammed Nawi, 2022. "Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Malay Version of the Protection Motivation Theory Scale Questionnaire for Pap Smear Screening," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-11, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:11:p:6858-:d:831211
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dash, Ganesh & Paul, Justin, 2021. "CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
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