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Assessing Access to WASH in Urban Schools during COVID-19 in Kazakhstan: Case Study of Central Kazakhstan

Author

Listed:
  • Berik Toleubekov

    (Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden)

  • Zhanerke Bolatova

    (School of Public Health, Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan)

  • Martin Stafström

    (Division of Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden)

Abstract

The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) produces global estimates of the real situation of access to water, sanitation and hygiene services, and sanitation and hygiene in households, educational institutes and health care facilities; however it is lacking data on schools in Kazakhstan. Thus, the aim of this research was to assess access to WASH in schools of urban area in Kazakhstan. The study was conducted in seven schools of Central Kazakhstan during the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictive measures. Three data collection methods were used: a questionnaire for administrative staff, a questionnaire for parents and observation. Parents of offline study pupils (only second and third grades due to the pandemic) were included in the survey. Students had access to in-building toilets in all schools connected to the centralized sewer. The number of school toilets varied from 7 (KAZ200085) to 61 (KAZ200089). The average amount of toilets was 28.08 ± 16.97. Only two out of seven schools complied with the requirements of Kazakhstan national sanitary standards for the ratio of school toilets to the number of students. From the questionnaire with the school administrations, it was defined that the primary source of drinking water was the public water supply. All schools regularly disinfect and check the water supply system. At the same time, the results also revealed discrepancies in the answers between administration and parents (2.6% of parents showed that their children have rare access to drinking water), and insufficient monitoring of implementation of WASH services. This study also confirmed that the full provision of access to water and water services in the structure of educational institutions solves several SDG targets.

Suggested Citation

  • Berik Toleubekov & Zhanerke Bolatova & Martin Stafström, 2022. "Assessing Access to WASH in Urban Schools during COVID-19 in Kazakhstan: Case Study of Central Kazakhstan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-12, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:11:p:6438-:d:824088
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhanerke Bolatova & Kamshat Tussupova & Berik Toleubekov & Kanat Sukhanberdiyev & Kulyash Sharapatova & Martin Stafström, 2021. "Challenges of Access to WASH in Schools in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Case Study from Rural Central Kazakhstan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-15, September.
    2. Celia McMichael, 2019. "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-Income Countries: A Review of Evidence of Impact," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-21, January.
    3. Xuyu Chen & Li Ran & Qing Liu & Qikai Hu & Xueying Du & Xiaodong Tan, 2020. "Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-11, April.
    4. Patel, A.I. & Hampton, K.E., 2011. "Encouraging consumption of water in school and child care settings: Access, challenges, and strategies for improvement," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(8), pages 1370-1379.
    5. United Nations, 2016. "The Sustainable Development Goals 2016," Working Papers id:11456, eSocialSciences.
    6. Nan Zhang & Yuguo Li, 2018. "Transmission of Influenza A in a Student Office Based on Realistic Person-to-Person Contact and Surface Touch Behaviour," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-20, August.
    7. Balwani Chingatichifwe Mbakaya & Paul H. Lee & Regina L. T. Lee, 2017. "Hand Hygiene Intervention Strategies to Reduce Diarrhoea and Respiratory Infections among Schoolchildren in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-14, April.
    8. Santosh Jatrana & Md. Mehedi Hasan & Abdullah A. Mamun & Yaqoot Fatima, 2021. "Global Variation in Hand Hygiene Practices Among Adolescents: The Role of Family and School-Level Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-14, May.
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