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Routines, Time Dedication and Habit Changes in Spanish Homes during the COVID-19 Lockdown. A Large Cross-Sectional Survey

Author

Listed:
  • Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín

    (Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • José Antonio López-Bueno

    (Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Ignacio Oteiza

    (Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IETcc-CSIC), 28033 Madrid, Spain)

  • Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches

    (Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IETcc-CSIC), 28033 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

Many countries chose to establish social distancing as lockdowns after the COVID-19 outbreak. Households had to adapt their day-to-day lifestyles to new circumstances, affecting routines and time dedication to tasks. This national study was carried out to find out how the confinement by COVID-19 affected Spanish households on the perceived habit changes during this period, in relation to their socio-demographic characteristics and household composition. An online questionnaire was launched during the COVID-19 lockdown, from 30 April to 22 June 2020. Descriptive statistics were analyzed, stratified by gender, on time dedication, routine, home leaving, and habit change variables. Chi-square tests were used to explore the relations of significance with socio-demographic characteristics and home composition. All contrast analyses were performed for a 95% confidence level (significance considered for p < 0.05). In total, 1673 respondents participated from different age groups, educational level, employment status and household composition. Sixty percent of respondents maintained their routines. A third tried to establish a new one, being related to women, young people, not a university student, and living with others, including minors. Regarding dedication to tasks, adults aged 35–54 years, with more cohabitants, especially women, devoted themselves intensively to the home or to care, while those under 35 were dedicated more to rest, leisure, television or reading. People with university studies were more related to teleworking. The frequency of going outside was related to gender, age, educational level and living with elders, specifically for grocery shopping and taking out garbage. Changes in habits, routines and time dedication in confinement were strongly linked to the sociodemographic and coexistence conditions in Spanish homes. The greatest impacts were suffered by women, people with children, and adults between 35–54 years of age, especially on care and domestic chores.

Suggested Citation

  • Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín & José Antonio López-Bueno & Ignacio Oteiza & Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches, 2021. "Routines, Time Dedication and Habit Changes in Spanish Homes during the COVID-19 Lockdown. A Large Cross-Sectional Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:22:p:12176-:d:683477
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches & Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín & Ignacio Oteiza, 2020. "A Mixed Approach on Resilience of Spanish Dwellings and Households during COVID-19 Lockdown," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-24, December.
    2. Andrea Amerio & Andrea Brambilla & Alessandro Morganti & Andrea Aguglia & Davide Bianchi & Francesca Santi & Luigi Costantini & Anna Odone & Alessandra Costanza & Carlo Signorelli & Gianluca Serafini , 2020. "COVID-19 Lockdown: Housing Built Environment’s Effects on Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-10, August.
    3. Maribel Jaimes Torres & Mónica Aguilera Portillo & Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches & Ignacio Oteiza & Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín, 2021. "Habitability, Resilience, and Satisfaction in Mexican Homes to COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-36, June.
    4. Ramazan Erdogan & Metin Yilmaz & Isa Aydemir, 2021. "Determination of Physical Education and Sports Teachers' Nutrition Habits and Physical Activity Levels in the Global Epidemic (Covid-19) Process," Asian Journal of Education and Training, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 7(1), pages 51-59.
    5. Ramazan Erdogan & Metin Yilmaz & Isa Aydemir, 2021. "Determination of Physical Education and Sports Teachers' Nutrition Habits and Physical Activity Levels in the Global Epidemic (Covid-19) Process," Asian Journal of Education and Training, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 7(1), pages 51-59.
    6. Matteo Sostero & Santo Milasi & John Hurley & Enrique Fernandez-Macias & Martina Bisello, 2020. "Teleworkability and the COVID-19 crisis: a new digital divide?," JRC Working Papers on Labour, Education and Technology 2020-05, Joint Research Centre.
    7. Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches & Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín & Ignacio Oteiza, 2021. "Behavior Patterns, Energy Consumption and Comfort during COVID-19 Lockdown Related to Home Features, Socioeconomic Factors and Energy Poverty in Madrid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, May.
    8. Tomoyuki Kobayashi & Masaharu Maeda & Yui Takebayashi & Hideki Sato, 2021. "Traditional Gender Differences Create Gaps in the Effect of COVID-19 on Psychological Distress of Japanese Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-19, August.
    9. Francesca Gallè & Elita Anna Sabella & Paolo Roma & Stefano Ferracuti & Giovanna Da Molin & Giusy Diella & Maria Teresa Montagna & Giovanni Battista Orsi & Giorgio Liguori & Christian Napoli, 2021. "Knowledge and Lifestyle Behaviors Related to COVID-19 Pandemic in People over 65 Years Old from Southern Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-11, October.
    10. Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches & Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín, 2021. "Confined Students: A Visual-Emotional Analysis of Study and Rest Spaces in the Homes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-21, May.
    11. Carmen Muñoz-González & Jonathan Ruiz-Jaramillo & Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches & Maria Dolores Joyanes-Díaz & Laura Montiel Vega & Victor Cano-Martos & Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín, 2021. "Natural Lighting in Historic Houses during Times of Pandemic. The Case of Housing in the Mediterranean Climate," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-17, July.
    12. Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches & Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín & Ignacio Oteiza, 2021. "Working from Home: Is Our Housing Ready?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-28, July.
    13. Rubén López-Bueno & Joaquín Calatayud & Lars L. Andersen & Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández & José Casaña & José A. Casajús & Lee Smith & Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, 2020. "Immediate Impact of the COVID-19 Confinement on Physical Activity Levels in Spanish Adults," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-10, July.
    14. Fernando de Frutos & Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches & Carmen Alonso & Fernando Martín-Consuegra & Borja Frutos & Ignacio Oteiza & Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín, 2021. "Indoor Environmental Quality and Consumption Patterns before and during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Twelve Social Dwellings in Madrid, Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-45, July.
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    1. Yastrebov, Gordey & Maskileyson, Dina, 2022. "The effect of COVID-19 confinement and economic support measures on the mental health of older population in Europe and Israel," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).

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