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Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study

Author

Listed:
  • Carmen Salas Quijada

    (Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Natalia López-Contreras

    (Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Tomás López-Jiménez

    (Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
    Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain)

  • Laura Medina-Perucha

    (Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
    Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain)

  • Brenda Biaani León-Gómez

    (Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08303 Mataró, Spain)

  • Andrés Peralta

    (Public Health Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170525, Ecuador)

  • Karen M. Arteaga-Contreras

    (Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Anillo Periférico #2767, Ed.5 P.B., Alcaldía La Magdalena Contreras, Cuidad de México 10200, Mexico)

  • Anna Berenguera

    (Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
    Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain
    Departament d’Infermeria, Universitat de Girona, Emili Grahit, 77, 17003 Girona, Spain)

  • Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves

    (Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain
    Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 43500 Tortosa, Spain
    Unitat Docent de Medicina de Família i Comunitària Tortosa-Terres de L’Ebre, Institut Català de la Salut, 43500 Tortosa, Spain)

  • Olivia Janett Horna-Campos

    (Escuela de Salud Pública “Salvador Allende”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile)

  • Marinella Mazzei

    (Escuela de Salud Pública “Salvador Allende”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile)

  • Maria Sol Anigstein

    (Escuela de Salud Pública “Salvador Allende”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
    Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 6850331, Chile)

  • Jakeline Ribeiro Barbosa

    (Center for Epidemiology and Health Surveillance, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasília 70904-130, Brazil)

  • Olga Bardales-Mendoza

    (Facultad de Educación, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru)

  • Joan Benach

    (Research Group on Health Inequalities, Environment, and Employment Conditions (GREDS-EMCONET), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
    Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center (UPF-BSM), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
    Ecological Humanities Research Group (GHECO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain)

  • Daiane Borges Machado

    (Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador 41745-715, Brazil
    Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

  • Ana Lucía Torres Castillo

    (Public Health Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170525, Ecuador)

  • Constanza Jacques-Aviñó

    (Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
    Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain)

Abstract

COVID-19 lockdowns greatly affected the mental health of populations and collectives. This study compares the mental health and self-perceived health in five countries of Latin America and Spain, during the first wave of COVID 19 lockdown, according to social axes of inequality. This was a cross-sectional study using an online, self-managed survey in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Self-perceived health (SPH), anxiety (measured through GAD-7) and depression (measured through PHQ-9) were measured along with lockdown, COVID-19, and social variables. The prevalence of poor SPH, anxiety, and depression was calculated. The analyses were stratified by gender (men = M; women = W) and country. The data from 39,006 people were analyzed (W = 71.9%). There was a higher prevalence of poor SPH and bad mental health in women in all countries studied. Peru had the worst SPH results, while Chile and Ecuador had the worst mental health indicators. Spain had the lowest prevalence of poor SPH and mental health. The prevalence of anxiety and depression decreased as age increased. Unemployment, poor working conditions, inadequate housing, and the highest unpaid workload were associated with worse mental health and poor SPH, especially in women. In future policies, worldwide public measures should consider the great social inequalities in health present between and within countries in order to tackle health emergencies while reducing the health breach between populations.

Suggested Citation

  • Carmen Salas Quijada & Natalia López-Contreras & Tomás López-Jiménez & Laura Medina-Perucha & Brenda Biaani León-Gómez & Andrés Peralta & Karen M. Arteaga-Contreras & Anna Berenguera & Alessandra Quei, 2023. "Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-23, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:9:p:5722-:d:1139296
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andrea Amerio & Andrea Brambilla & Alessandro Morganti & Andrea Aguglia & Davide Bianchi & Francesca Santi & Luigi Costantini & Anna Odone & Alessandra Costanza & Carlo Signorelli & Gianluca Serafini , 2020. "COVID-19 Lockdown: Housing Built Environment’s Effects on Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-10, August.
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