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Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Contagion and Frontline Paramedics’ Agonistic Behaviour: Employing a Stressor–Strain–Outcome Perspective

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  • Fakhar Shahzad

    (School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Jianguo Du

    (School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Imran Khan

    (Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan)

  • Adnan Fateh

    (Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Shahbaz

    (Lyallpur Business School, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Adnan Abbas

    (School of Economics and Management, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China)

  • Muhammad Umair Wattoo

    (Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan)

Abstract

Historically, infectious diseases have been the leading cause of human psychosomatic strain and death tolls. This research investigated the recent threat of COVID-19 contagion, especially its impact among frontline paramedics treating patients with COVID-19, and their perception of self-infection, which ultimately increases their agonistic behaviour. Based on the stressor–strain–outcome paradigm, a research model was proposed and investigated using survey-based data through a structured questionnaire. The results found that the perceived threat of COVID-19 contagion (emotional and cognitive threat) was positively correlated with physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion, which led toward agonistic behaviour. Further, perceived social support was a key moderator that negatively affected the relationships between agonistic behaviour and physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion. These findings significantly contributed to the current literature concerning COVID-19 and pandemic-related effects on human behaviour. This study also theorized the concept of human agonistic behaviour, which has key implications for future researchers.

Suggested Citation

  • Fakhar Shahzad & Jianguo Du & Imran Khan & Adnan Fateh & Muhammad Shahbaz & Adnan Abbas & Muhammad Umair Wattoo, 2020. "Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Contagion and Frontline Paramedics’ Agonistic Behaviour: Employing a Stressor–Strain–Outcome Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-22, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:14:p:5102-:d:384759
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    Cited by:

    1. Huseyin Arasli & Trude Furunes & Kaveh Jafari & Mehmet Bahri Saydam & Zehra Degirmencioglu, 2020. "Hearing the Voices of Wingless Angels: A Critical Content Analysis of Nurses’ COVID-19 Experiences," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-16, November.
    2. Zhang, Xi & Wei, Xin & Zhang, Te & Tan, Yahe & Xu, Dongming & Ordóñez de Pablos, Patricia, 2023. "How platform-based internet hospital innovation affects doctors’ active stress coping efforts: The conservation of resource theory perspective," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    3. Hua Pang & Qinglong Shao, 2023. "Unpacking the Potential Influence of Life Satisfaction on Network Heterogeneity, Emotional Exhaustion and Mobile App Fatigue: A Stressor–Strain–Outcome Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-16, February.
    4. Massimo Bartoli & Nicola Canessa & Giuseppina Elena Cipriani & Stefano F. Cappa & Martina Amanzio, 2021. "The Role of Neuropsychological Factors in Perceived Threat of SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Ageing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-14, May.
    5. Carmen M. Martínez-Caballero & Rosa M. Cárdaba-García & Rocío Varas-Manovel & Laura M. García-Sanz & Jorge Martínez-Piedra & Juan J. Fernández-Carbajo & Lucía Pérez-Pérez & Miguel A. Madrigal-Fernánde, 2021. "Analyzing the Impact of COVID-19 Trauma on Developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Emergency Medical Workers in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-18, August.
    6. Fakhar Shahzad & Jianguo Du & Imran Khan & Zeeshan Ahmad & Muhammad Shahbaz, 2021. "Untying the Precise Impact of COVID-19 Policy on Social Distancing Behavior," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-12, January.

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