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Impact of a Local Vision Care Center on Glasses Ownership and Wearing Behavior in Northwestern Rural China: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

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  • Yue Ma

    (Center for Experimental Economics in Education (CEEE), Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
    Rural Education Action Program, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA)

  • Yujuan Gao

    (Center for Experimental Economics in Education (CEEE), Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Yue Wang

    (Center for Experimental Economics in Education (CEEE), Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Haoyang Li

    (Center for Experimental Economics in Education (CEEE), Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Lina Ma

    (School of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Jiangchao Jing

    (School of Public Administration, Northwestern University, Xi’an 710127, China)

  • Yaojiang Shi

    (Center for Experimental Economics in Education (CEEE), Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Hongyu Guan

    (Center for Experimental Economics in Education (CEEE), Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Nathan Congdon

    (State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
    Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
    Orbis International, New York, NY 10018, USA)

Abstract

Visual impairment is common among rural Chinese children, but fewer than a quarter of children who need glasses actually own and use them. To study the effect of rural county hospital vision centers (VC) on self-reported glasses ownership and wearing behavior (primary outcome) among rural children in China, we conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial at a VC in the government hospital of Qinan County, a nationally-designated poor county. All rural primary schools ( n = 164) in the county were invited to participate. Schools were randomly assigned to either the treatment group to receive free vision care and eyeglasses, if needed, or control group, who received glasses only at the end of the study. Among 2806 eligible children with visiual impairment (visual acuity ≤ 6/12 in either eye), 93 (3.31%) were lost to follow-up, leaving 2713 students (45.0% boys). Among these, glasses ownership at the end of the school year was 68.6% among 1252 treatment group students (82 schools), and 26.4% ( p < 0.01) among 1461 controls (82 schools). The rate of wearing glasses was 55.2% in the treatment group and 23.4% ( p < 0.01) among the control group. In logistic regression models, treatment group membership was significantly associated with spectacle ownership (Odds Ratio [OR] = 11.9, p < 0.001) and wearing behavior (OR = 7.2, p < 0.001). County hospital-based vision centers appear effective in delivering childrens’ glasses in rural China.

Suggested Citation

  • Yue Ma & Yujuan Gao & Yue Wang & Haoyang Li & Lina Ma & Jiangchao Jing & Yaojiang Shi & Hongyu Guan & Nathan Congdon, 2018. "Impact of a Local Vision Care Center on Glasses Ownership and Wearing Behavior in Northwestern Rural China: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:12:p:2783-:d:189012
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Patrick Royston, 2005. "Multiple imputation of missing values: update," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 5(2), pages 188-201, June.
    2. Xiuqin Wang & Nathan Congdon & Yue Ma & Min Hu & Yuan Zhou & Weiqi Liao & Ling Jin & Baixiang Xiao & Xiaoyi Wu & Ming Ni & Hongmei Yi & Yiwen Huang & Beatrice Varga & Hong Zhang & Yongkang Cun & Xians, 2017. "Cluster-randomized controlled trial of the effects of free glasses on purchase of children's glasses in China: The PRICE (Potentiating Rural Investment in Children's Eyecare) study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(11), pages 1-14, November.
    3. Patrick Royston, 2005. "Multiple imputation of missing values: Update of ice," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 5(4), pages 527-536, December.
    4. Patrick Royston, 2005. "MICE for multiple imputation of missing values," United Kingdom Stata Users' Group Meetings 2005 02, Stata Users Group.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jin Zhao & Huan Wang & Hongyu Guan & Kang Du & Yunyun Zhang & Nathan Congdon, 2022. "Impact of Teacher Incentive Intervention on Students’ Vision Healthcare Uptake: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-14, October.

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