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Indoor Heating Drives Water Bacterial Growth and Community Metabolic Profile Changes in Building Tap Pipes during the Winter Season

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  • Hai-Han Zhang

    (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China)

  • Sheng-Nan Chen

    (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China)

  • Ting-Lin Huang

    (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China)

  • Pan-Lu Shang

    (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China)

  • Xiao Yang

    (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China)

  • Wei-Xing Ma

    (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, Shaanxi, China)

Abstract

The growth of the bacterial community harbored in indoor drinking water taps is regulated by external environmental factors, such as indoor temperature. However, the effect of indoor heating on bacterial regrowth associated with indoor drinking water taps is poorly understood. In the present work, flow cytometry and community-level sole-carbon-source utilization techniques were combined to explore the effects of indoor heating on water bacterial cell concentrations and community carbon metabolic profiles in building tap pipes during the winter season. The results showed that the temperature of water stagnated overnight (“before”) in the indoor water pipes was 15–17 °C, and the water temperature decreased to 4–6 °C after flushing for 10 min (“flushed”). The highest bacterial cell number was observed in water stagnated overnight, and was 5–11 times higher than that of flushed water. Meanwhile, a significantly higher bacterial community metabolic activity ( AWCD 590nm ) was also found in overnight stagnation water samples. The significant “flushed” and “taps” values indicated that the AWCD 590nm , and bacterial cell number varied among the taps within the flushed group ( p < 0.01). Heatmap fingerprints and principle component analyses (PCA) revealed a significant discrimination bacterial community functional metabolic profiles in the water stagnated overnight and flushed water. Serine, threonine, glucose-phosphate, ketobutyric acid, phenylethylamine, glycerol, putrescine were significantly used by “before” water samples. The results suggested that water stagnated at higher temperature should be treated before drinking because of bacterial regrowth. The data from this work provides useful information on reasonable utilization of drinking water after stagnation in indoor pipes during indoor heating periods.

Suggested Citation

  • Hai-Han Zhang & Sheng-Nan Chen & Ting-Lin Huang & Pan-Lu Shang & Xiao Yang & Wei-Xing Ma, 2015. "Indoor Heating Drives Water Bacterial Growth and Community Metabolic Profile Changes in Building Tap Pipes during the Winter Season," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:12:y:2015:i:10:p:13649-13661:d:57824
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yoonjin Lee, 2013. "An Evaluation of Microbial and Chemical Contamination Sources Related to the Deterioration of Tap Water Quality in the Household Water Supply System," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Cai, Jing & Jiang, Zhigang, 2008. "Changing of energy consumption patterns from rural households to urban households in China: An example from Shaanxi Province, China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(6), pages 1667-1680, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shengnan Chen & Huiyan He & Rongrong Zong & Kaiwen Liu & Yutian Miao & Miaomiao Yan & Lei Xu, 2020. "Geographical Patterns of Algal Communities Associated with Different Urban Lakes in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-19, February.
    2. Sheng-Nan Chen & Pan-Lu Shang & Peng-Liang Kang & Man-Man Du, 2020. "Metabolic Functional Community Diversity of Associated Bacteria during the Degradation of Phytoplankton from a Drinking Water Reservoir," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-12, March.

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