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Response Surface Analysis of the Energy Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Engine Generator Using Biodiesel and Hydrogen-Enriched Biogas

Author

Listed:
  • Danilo Simon

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

  • Samuel N. M. de Souza

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

  • Doglas Bassegio

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

  • Willian C. Nadaleti

    (Federal University of Pelotas, Ufpel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil)

  • Juliano de Souza

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

  • Reinaldo A. Bariccatti

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

  • Reginaldo F. Santos

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

  • Carlos E. C. Nogueira

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

  • Waldir M. Machado Junior

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

  • Jair A. C. Siqueira

    (State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil)

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the dual-fuel operation of compression ignition engines using biodiesel at varying concentrations in combination with biogas, with and without hydrogen enrichment. A response surface methodology, based on a central composite experimental design was employed to optimize energy efficiency and minimize pollutant emissions. The partial substitution of diesel with gaseous fuel substantially reduces the specific fuel consumption, achieving a maximum decrease of 21% compared with conventional diesel operation. Enriching biogas with hydrogen, accounting for 13.3% of the total flow rate, increases the thermal efficiency by 0.8%, compensating for the low calorific value and reduced volumetric efficiency of biogas. Variations in biodiesel concentration exhibits a nonlinear effect, yielding an additional average efficiency gain of 0.4%. Regarding emissions, the addition of hydrogen to biogas contributes to an average reduction of 5% in carbon monoxide emissions compared to the standard dual-fuel operation. However, dual-fuel operation leads to higher unburned hydrocarbon emissions relative to neat diesel; hydrogen enrichment mitigates this drawback by reducing hydrocarbon emissions by 4.1%. Although NO x emissions increase by an average of 26.6% with hydrogen addition, dual-fuel strategies achieve NO x reductions of 11.5% (hydrogen-enriched mode) and 33.3% (pure biogas mode) relative to diesel-only operation. Furthermore, the application of response surface methodology is robust and reliable, with experimental validation showing errors of 0.55–8.66% and an overall uncertainty of 4.84%.

Suggested Citation

  • Danilo Simon & Samuel N. M. de Souza & Doglas Bassegio & Willian C. Nadaleti & Juliano de Souza & Reinaldo A. Bariccatti & Reginaldo F. Santos & Carlos E. C. Nogueira & Waldir M. Machado Junior & Jair, 2025. "Response Surface Analysis of the Energy Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Engine Generator Using Biodiesel and Hydrogen-Enriched Biogas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-26, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:20:p:5502-:d:1774486
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Qian, Yong & Sun, Shuzhou & Ju, Dehao & Shan, Xinxing & Lu, Xingcai, 2017. "Review of the state-of-the-art of biogas combustion mechanisms and applications in internal combustion engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 50-58.
    2. Anmol Singh Kshatriya & Prabhatkumar Tiwari & Sreekanth M & T. M. Yunus Khan & Shaik Dawood Abdul Khadar & Mohamed Mansour & Feroskhan M, 2022. "Investigations into the Combined Effect of Mahua Biodiesel Blends and Biogas in a Dual Fuel Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-15, March.
    3. Muhamed Rasit Atelge & Halil Senol & Mohammed Djaafri & Tulin Avci Hansu & David Krisa & Abdulaziz Atabani & Cigdem Eskicioglu & Hamdi Muratçobanoğlu & Sebahattin Unalan & Slimane Kalloum & Nuri Azbar, 2021. "A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-39, October.
    4. Sharma, Abhishek & Ansari, Naushad Ahmad & Pal, Amit & Singh, Yashvir & Lalhriatpuia, S., 2019. "Effect of biogas on the performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel-ethanol blends through response surface methodology approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 657-668.
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