IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i17p4712-d1742215.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization of Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Hybrid Energy Systems for a Greenhouse Facility

Author

Listed:
  • Nuri Caglayan

    (Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technology Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Türkiye)

Abstract

This study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of grid-connected and off-grid hybrid energy systems designed to meet the energy demands of a greenhouse facility. Various system configurations were developed based on combinations of solar, wind, diesel, and battery storage technologies. The analysis considers a daily electricity consumption of 369.52 kWh and a peak load of 52.59 kW for the greenhouse complex. Among the grid-connected systems, the grid/PV configuration was identified as the most optimal, offering the lowest Net Present Cost (NPC) of USD 282,492, the lowest Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) at USD 0.0401/kWh, and a reasonable emissions reduction of 54.94%. For off-grid scenarios, the generator/PV/battery configuration was the most cost-effective option, with a total cost of USD 1.19 million and an LCOE of USD 0.342/kWh. Environmentally, this system showed a strong performance, achieving a 64.58% reduction in CO 2 emissions; in contrast, fully renewable systems such as PV/wind/battery and wind/battery configurations succeeded in reaching zero-emission targets but were economically unfeasible due to their very high investment costs and limited practical applicability. Sensitivity analyses revealed that economic factors such as inflation and energy prices have a critical effect on the payback time and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

Suggested Citation

  • Nuri Caglayan, 2025. "Optimization of Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Hybrid Energy Systems for a Greenhouse Facility," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-32, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:17:p:4712-:d:1742215
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/17/4712/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/17/4712/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kamel, Sami & Dahl, Carol, 2005. "The economics of hybrid power systems for sustainable desert agriculture in Egypt," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 30(8), pages 1271-1281.
    2. Li, Changsheng & Wang, Haiyu & Miao, Hong & Ye, Bin, 2017. "The economic and social performance of integrated photovoltaic and agricultural greenhouses systems: Case study in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 204-212.
    3. Schindele, Stephan & Trommsdorff, Maximilian & Schlaak, Albert & Obergfell, Tabea & Bopp, Georg & Reise, Christian & Braun, Christian & Weselek, Axel & Bauerle, Andrea & Högy, Petra & Goetzberger, Ado, 2020. "Implementation of agrophotovoltaics: Techno-economic analysis of the price-performance ratio and its policy implications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    4. Muh, Erasmus & Tabet, Fouzi, 2019. "Comparative analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid applications in Southern Cameroons," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 41-54.
    5. Sadaqat Ali & Zhixue Zheng & Michel Aillerie & Jean-Paul Sawicki & Marie-Cécile Péra & Daniel Hissel, 2021. "A Review of DC Microgrid Energy Management Systems Dedicated to Residential Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-26, July.
    6. Takele Ferede Agajie & Armand Fopah-Lele & Ahmed Ali & Isaac Amoussou & Baseem Khan & Mahmoud Elsisi & Om Prakash Mahela & Roberto Marcelo Álvarez & Emmanuel Tanyi, 2023. "Optimal Sizing and Power System Control of Hybrid Solar PV-Biogas Generator with Energy Storage System Power Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-26, March.
    7. Md. Feroz Ali & Md. Alamgir Hossain & Mir Md. Julhash & Md Ashikuzzaman & Md Shafiul Alam & Md. Rafiqul Islam Sheikh, 2024. "A Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Microgrid System in a Residential Area of Bangladesh: Optimizing Renewable Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-22, September.
    8. Das, Barun K. & Hoque, Najmul & Mandal, Soumya & Pal, Tapas Kumar & Raihan, Md Abu, 2017. "A techno-economic feasibility of a stand-alone hybrid power generation for remote area application in Bangladesh," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 775-788.
    9. González, Arnau & Riba, Jordi-Roger & Rius, Antoni & Puig, Rita, 2015. "Optimal sizing of a hybrid grid-connected photovoltaic and wind power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 752-762.
    10. Ashok, S., 2007. "Optimised model for community-based hybrid energy system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(7), pages 1155-1164.
    11. Haratian, Mojtaba & Tabibi, Pouya & Sadeghi, Meisam & Vaseghi, Babak & Poustdouz, Amin, 2018. "A renewable energy solution for stand-alone power generation: A case study of KhshU Site-Iran," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 926-935.
    12. Juan Lata-García & Néstor Zamora Cedeño & Gary Ampuño & Francisco Jurado & M. Lakshmi Swarupa & Wellington Maliza, 2024. "Optimization and Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Hybrid System Consisting of Solar Panels, Biomass, Diesel Generator, and Battery Bank for Rural Communities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-13, October.
    13. Shilpa Sambhi & Himanshu Sharma & Pankaj Kumar & Georgios Fotis & Vasiliki Vita & Lambros Ekonomou, 2022. "Techno-Economic Optimization of an Off-Grid Hybrid Power Generation for SRM IST, Delhi-NCR Campus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-24, October.
    14. Jamiu Omotayo Oladigbolu & Makbul A. M. Ramli & Yusuf A. Al-Turki, 2019. "Techno-Economic and Sensitivity Analyses for an Optimal Hybrid Power System Which Is Adaptable and Effective for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Nigeria," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-25, September.
    15. Ahmad, Jameel & Imran, Muhammad & Khalid, Abdullah & Iqbal, Waseem & Ashraf, Syed Rehan & Adnan, Muhammad & Ali, Syed Farooq & Khokhar, Khawar Siddique, 2018. "Techno economic analysis of a wind-photovoltaic-biomass hybrid renewable energy system for rural electrification: A case study of Kallar Kahar," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 208-234.
    16. Li, Chong & Zhou, Dequn & Wang, Hui & Lu, Yuzheng & Li, Dongdong, 2020. "Techno-economic performance study of stand-alone wind/diesel/battery hybrid system with different battery technologies in the cold region of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    17. Arnau González & Jordi-Roger Riba & Antoni Rius, 2015. "Optimal Sizing of a Hybrid Grid-Connected Photovoltaic–Wind–Biomass Power System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(9), pages 1-20, September.
    18. Himri, Y. & Boudghene Stambouli, A. & Draoui, B. & Himri, S., 2008. "Techno-economical study of hybrid power system for a remote village in Algeria," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(7), pages 1128-1136.
    19. Fragaki, Aikaterini & Markvart, Tom & Laskos, Georgios, 2019. "All UK electricity supplied by wind and photovoltaics – The 30–30 rule," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 228-237.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jann Michael Weinand & Maximilian Hoffmann & Jan Gopfert & Tom Terlouw & Julian Schonau & Patrick Kuckertz & Russell McKenna & Leander Kotzur & Jochen Lin{ss}en & Detlef Stolten, 2022. "Global LCOEs of decentralized off-grid renewable energy systems," Papers 2212.12742, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2023.
    2. Talaat, M. & Farahat, M.A. & Elkholy, M.H., 2019. "Renewable power integration: Experimental and simulation study to investigate the ability of integrating wave, solar and wind energies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 668-682.
    3. Duchaud, Jean-Laurent & Notton, Gilles & Darras, Christophe & Voyant, Cyril, 2019. "Multi-Objective Particle Swarm optimal sizing of a renewable hybrid power plant with storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 1156-1167.
    4. Rad, Mohammad Amin Vaziri & Ghasempour, Roghaye & Rahdan, Parisa & Mousavi, Soroush & Arastounia, Mehrdad, 2020. "Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid power system based on the cost-effective hydrogen production method for rural electrification, a case study in Iran," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    5. Kumar, Pankaj & Pal, Nitai & Sharma, Himanshu, 2022. "Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a solar photo-voltaic/biomass/diesel/battery hybrid off-grid power generation system for rural remote electrification in eastern India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    6. Adefarati, T. & Bansal, R.C. & Bettayeb, M. & Naidoo, R., 2022. "Technical, economic, and environmental assessment of the distribution power system with the application of renewable energy technologies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 278-297.
    7. Shilpa Sambhi & Himanshu Sharma & Vikas Bhadoria & Pankaj Kumar & Ravi Chaurasia & Georgios Fotis & Vasiliki Vita, 2023. "Technical and Economic Analysis of Solar PV/Diesel Generator Smart Hybrid Power Plant Using Different Battery Storage Technologies for SRM IST, Delhi-NCR Campus," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-23, February.
    8. Weinand, Jann Michael & Scheller, Fabian & McKenna, Russell, 2020. "Reviewing energy system modelling of decentralized energy autonomy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    9. Hoseinzadeh, Siamak & Ghasemi, Mohammad Hadi & Heyns, Stephan, 2020. "Application of hybrid systems in solution of low power generation at hot seasons for micro hydro systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 323-332.
    10. Md. Rasel Ahmed & Md. Rokib Hasan & Suharto Al Hasan & Muhammad Aziz & Md. Emdadul Hoque, 2023. "Feasibility Study of the Grid-Connected Hybrid Energy System for Supplying Electricity to Support the Health and Education Sector in the Metropolitan Area," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-23, February.
    11. Erdinc, O. & Uzunoglu, M., 2012. "Optimum design of hybrid renewable energy systems: Overview of different approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 1412-1425.
    12. Adefarati, T. & Bansal, R.C., 2017. "Reliability and economic assessment of a microgrid power system with the integration of renewable energy resources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 911-933.
    13. Li, Jinze & Liu, Pei & Li, Zheng, 2020. "Optimal design and techno-economic analysis of a solar-wind-biomass off-grid hybrid power system for remote rural electrification: A case study of west China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    14. Bhatt, Ankit & Sharma, M.P. & Saini, R.P., 2016. "Feasibility and sensitivity analysis of an off-grid micro hydro–photovoltaic–biomass and biogas–diesel–battery hybrid energy system for a remote area in Uttarakhand state, India," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 53-69.
    15. Rajbongshi, Rumi & Borgohain, Devashree & Mahapatra, Sadhan, 2017. "Optimization of PV-biomass-diesel and grid base hybrid energy systems for rural electrification by using HOMER," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 461-474.
    16. Kamjoo, Azadeh & Maheri, Alireza & Putrus, Ghanim A., 2014. "Chance constrained programming using non-Gaussian joint distribution function in design of standalone hybrid renewable energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 677-688.
    17. Sun, Wei & Harrison, Gareth P., 2019. "Wind-solar complementarity and effective use of distribution network capacity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 89-101.
    18. Velo, R. & Osorio, L. & Fernández, M.D. & Rodríguez, M.R., 2014. "An economic analysis of a stand-alone and grid-connected cattle farm," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 883-890.
    19. Jaszczur, Marek & Hassan, Qusay & Palej, Patryk & Abdulateef, Jasim, 2020. "Multi-Objective optimisation of a micro-grid hybrid power system for household application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    20. Díaz, P. & Peña, R. & Muñoz, J. & Arias, C.A. & Sandoval, D., 2011. "Field analysis of solar PV-based collective systems for rural electrification," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 2509-2516.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:17:p:4712-:d:1742215. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.