IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i15p4104-d1716180.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Friction and Regenerative Braking Shares Under Various Laboratory and On-Road Driving Conditions of a Plug-In Hybrid Passenger Car

Author

Listed:
  • Dimitrios Komnos

    (Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Alessandro Tansini

    (Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Germana Trentadue

    (Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Georgios Fontaras

    (Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Theodoros Grigoratos

    (Directorate-General for Environment (DG-ENV), European Commission, 1040 Brussels, Belgium)

  • Barouch Giechaskiel

    (Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy)

Abstract

Although particulate matter (PM) pollution from vehicles’ exhaust has decreased significantly over the years, the contribution from non-exhaust sources (brakes, tyres) has remained at the same levels. In the European Union (EU), Euro 7 regulation introduced PM limits for vehicles’ brake systems. Regenerative braking, i.e., recuperation of the deceleration kinetic and potential energy to the vehicle battery, is one of the strategies to reduce the brake emission levels and improve vehicle efficiency. According to the regulation, the shares of friction and regenerative braking can be determined with actual testing of the vehicle on a chassis dynamometer. In this study we tested the regenerative capabilities of a plug-in hybrid vehicle, both in the laboratory and on the road, under different protocols (including both smooth and aggressive braking) and covering a wide range of driving conditions (urban, rural, motorway) over 10,000 km of driving. Good agreement was obtained between laboratory and on-road tests, with the use of the friction brakes being on average 7% and 5.3%, respectively. However, at the same time it was demonstrated that the friction braking share can vary over a wide range (up to around 30%), depending on the driver’s behaviour.

Suggested Citation

  • Dimitrios Komnos & Alessandro Tansini & Germana Trentadue & Georgios Fontaras & Theodoros Grigoratos & Barouch Giechaskiel, 2025. "Friction and Regenerative Braking Shares Under Various Laboratory and On-Road Driving Conditions of a Plug-In Hybrid Passenger Car," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-21, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:15:p:4104-:d:1716180
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/15/4104/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/15/4104/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Petar Georgiev & Giovanni De Filippis & Patrick Gruber & Aldo Sorniotti, 2023. "On the Benefits of Active Aerodynamics on Energy Recuperation in Hybrid and Fully Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-27, August.
    2. Cong Geng & Dawen Ning & Linfu Guo & Qicheng Xue & Shujian Mei, 2021. "Simulation Research on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Hybrid Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-19, April.
    3. Nils Hooftman & Luis Oliveira & Maarten Messagie & Thierry Coosemans & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2016. "Environmental Analysis of Petrol, Diesel and Electric Passenger Cars in a Belgian Urban Setting," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-24, January.
    4. Zoltán Pusztai & Péter Kőrös & Ferenc Szauter & Ferenc Friedler, 2023. "Implementation of Optimized Regenerative Braking in Energy Efficient Driving Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Juan Jesús Castillo Aguilar & Javier Pérez Fernández & Juan María Velasco García & Juan Antonio Cabrera Carrillo, 2017. "Regenerative Intelligent Brake Control for Electric Motorcycles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-16, October.
    6. Guoqing Xu & Weimin Li & Kun Xu & Zhibin Song, 2011. "An Intelligent Regenerative Braking Strategy for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 4(9), pages 1-17, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yang, Chao & Sun, Tonglin & Wang, Weida & Li, Ying & Zhang, Yuhang & Zha, Mingjun, 2024. "Regenerative braking system development and perspectives for electric vehicles: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    2. Bolanle Tolulope Abe & Ibukun Damilola Fajuke, 2025. "A Systematic Review of Energy Recovery and Regeneration Systems in Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles for Deployment in Developing Nations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-40, August.
    3. Marc Wentker & Matthew Greenwood & Jens Leker, 2019. "A Bottom-Up Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Cost Modeling with a Focus on Cathode Active Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-18, February.
    4. Zhengrong Chen & Ruochen Wang & Renkai Ding & Bin Liu & Wei Liu & Dong Sun & Zhongyang Guo, 2025. "Research Progress and Future Prospects of Brake-by-Wire Technology for New Energy Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-30, May.
    5. López, I. & Ibarra, E. & Matallana, A. & Andreu, J. & Kortabarria, I., 2019. "Next generation electric drives for HEV/EV propulsion systems: Technology, trends and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    6. Anca N. Iuga (Butnariu) & Vasile N. Popa & Luminița I. Popa, 2018. "Comparative Analysis of Automotive Products Regarding the Influence of Eco-Friendly Methods to Emissions’ Reduction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-24, December.
    7. Wu, Jiajun & Liu, Hui & Ren, Xiaolei & Nie, Shida & Qin, Yechen & Han, Lijin, 2025. "A multi-objective optimization approach for regenerative braking control in electric vehicles using MPE-SAC algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    8. Wasbari, F. & Bakar, R.A. & Gan, L.M. & Tahir, M.M. & Yusof, A.A., 2017. "A review of compressed-air hybrid technology in vehicle system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 935-953.
    9. Gert Berckmans & Maarten Messagie & Jelle Smekens & Noshin Omar & Lieselot Vanhaverbeke & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2017. "Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-20, September.
    10. Diana Carolina Gámez-García & José Manuel Gómez-Soberón & Ramón Corral-Higuera & Héctor Saldaña-Márquez & María Consolación Gómez-Soberón & Susana Paola Arredondo-Rea, 2018. "A Cradle to Handover Life Cycle Assessment of External Walls: Choice of Materials and Prognosis of Elements," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-24, August.
    11. José Alberto Fuinhas & Matheus Koengkan & Nuno Carlos Leitão & Chinazaekpere Nwani & Gizem Uzuner & Fatemeh Dehdar & Stefania Relva & Drielli Peyerl, 2021. "Effect of Battery Electric Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 29 European Union Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-26, December.
    12. Emilia M. Szumska & Rafał S. Jurecki, 2021. "Parameters Influencing on Electric Vehicle Range," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-23, August.
    13. Batara Surya & Hamsina Hamsina & Ridwan Ridwan & Baharuddin Baharuddin & Firman Menne & Andi Tenri Fitriyah & Emil Salim Rasyidi, 2020. "The Complexity of Space Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control in the Main Corridor of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-41, November.
    14. Karol Tucki & Remigiusz Mruk & Olga Orynycz & Andrzej Wasiak & Katarzyna Botwińska & Arkadiusz Gola, 2019. "Simulation of the Operation of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Various Biofuels and Its Contribution to Technology Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-17, May.
    15. George Barjoveanu & Florenta Dinita & Carmen Teodosiu, 2022. "Aging Passenger Car Fleet Structure, Dynamics, and Environmental Performance Evaluation at the Regional Level by Life Cycle Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-18, July.
    16. Manjunath, Archana & Gross, George, 2017. "Towards a meaningful metric for the quantification of GHG emissions of electric vehicles (EVs)," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 423-429.
    17. Karol Tucki & Olga Orynycz & Antoni Świć & Mateusz Mitoraj-Wojtanek, 2019. "The Development of Electromobility in Poland and EU States as a Tool for Management of CO 2 Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-22, July.
    18. Duo Zhang & Guohai Liu & Wenxiang Zhao & Penghu Miao & Yan Jiang & Huawei Zhou, 2014. "A Neural Network Combined Inverse Controller for a Two-Rear-Wheel Independently Driven Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(7), pages 1-15, July.
    19. Jingang Guo & Xiaoping Jian & Guangyu Lin, 2014. "Performance Evaluation of an Anti-Lock Braking System for Electric Vehicles with a Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-18, October.
    20. Jasmina Pašagić Škrinjar & Borna Abramović & Lucija Bukvić & Željko Marušić, 2020. "Managing Fuel Consumption and Emissions in the Renewed Fleet of a Transport Company," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-15, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:15:p:4104-:d:1716180. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.