IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i9p2033-d1382705.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Modular and Mobile “Green Classroom” Facilities

Author

Listed:
  • Tomasz Węgiel

    (Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Dariusz Borkowski

    (Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Rafał Blazy

    (Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Agnieszka Ciepiela

    (Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Mariusz Łysień

    (Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Jakub Dudek

    (Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Jakub Błachut

    (Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Hanna Hrehorowicz-Gaber

    (Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Alicja Hrehorowicz-Nowak

    (Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

Abstract

This article aims to demonstrate the technical capabilities and effectiveness of an energy production and management system for school facilities using a modular solution. The system is assumed to generate electricity from renewable sources, such as wind or sun. The potential of renewable energy sources in Cracow, Poland, was assessed, with a focus on solar energy (photovoltaic panels, PV). Taking into account the installation of heating and other equipment, an analysis of the facility’s electricity demand was carried out. The study recommended the use of a heat pump system to heat and cool the facility. Renewable energy sources will meet 81% of the facility’s projected annual demand, according to the study. An analysis of the energy consumption and production profiles shows that almost 69% of the energy produced by the PV panels is consumed on site. Of the remaining energy, 31% is fed back into the grid and sold to the grid operator or used by other facilities within the shared settlement. The overall balance results in a small electricity deficit that must be covered by the grid. If suitable sites are available, the facilities under study could consider installing a wind turbine as a potential supplement to the energy deficit.

Suggested Citation

  • Tomasz Węgiel & Dariusz Borkowski & Rafał Blazy & Agnieszka Ciepiela & Mariusz Łysień & Jakub Dudek & Jakub Błachut & Hanna Hrehorowicz-Gaber & Alicja Hrehorowicz-Nowak, 2024. "Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Modular and Mobile “Green Classroom” Facilities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-21, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:9:p:2033-:d:1382705
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/9/2033/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/9/2033/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nikolaos Papadakis & Dimitrios Al. Katsaprakakis, 2023. "A Review of Energy Efficiency Interventions in Public Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-34, August.
    2. Snape, J.R. & Boait, P.J. & Rylatt, R.M., 2015. "Will domestic consumers take up the renewable heat incentive? An analysis of the barriers to heat pump adoption using agent-based modelling," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 32-38.
    3. Giada Romano & Serena Baiani & Francesco Mancini & Fabrizio Tucci, 2023. "Reducing CO 2 Emissions and Improving Water Resource Circularity by Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-20, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chidebe Stanley Anyanwu & Oluwadayomi Akinsooto & Olorunshogo Benjamin Ogundipe & Samuel Ikemba, 2024. "Net-Zero Energy Buildings: A Path To Sustainable Living," Engineering Heritage Journal (GWK), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 8(2), pages 107-113, October.
    2. Meles, Tensay Hadush & Ryan, Lisa & Mukherjee, Sanghamitra C., 2022. "Heterogeneity in preferences for renewable home heating systems among Irish households," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    3. Somogyi, Viola & Sebestyén, Viktor & Nagy, Georgina, 2017. "Scientific achievements and regulation of shallow geothermal systems in six European countries – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 934-952.
    4. Yılmaz Balaman, Şebnem & Scott, James & Matopoulos, Aristides & Wright, Daniel G., 2019. "Incentivising bioenergy production: Economic and environmental insights from a regional optimization methodology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 867-880.
    5. Morland, Kate V. & Fylan, Fiona, 2025. "Public perceptions of finance options for retrofit shared-loop ground source heat pumps," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    6. Liang, Xin & Yu, Tao & Hong, Jingke & Shen, Geoffrey Qiping, 2019. "Making incentive policies more effective: An agent-based model for energy-efficiency retrofit in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 177-189.
    7. Grmay Yordanos Brhane & Eunsung Oh & Sung-Yong Son, 2024. "Virtual Energy Storage System Scheduling for Commercial Buildings with Fixed and Dynamic Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-19, July.
    8. Murto, P. & Jalas, M. & Juntunen, J. & Hyysalo, S., 2019. "Devices and strategies: An analysis of managing complexity in energy retrofit projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    9. Xingchi Shen & Yueming Lucy Qiu & Pengfei Liu & Anand Patwardhan, 2022. "The Effect of Rebate and Loan Incentives on Residential Heat Pump Adoption: Evidence from North Carolina," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 82(3), pages 741-789, July.
    10. Byrka, Katarzyna & Jȩdrzejewski, Arkadiusz & Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna & Weron, Rafał, 2016. "Difficulty is critical: The importance of social factors in modeling diffusion of green products and practices," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 723-735.
    11. Hesselink, Laurens X.W. & Chappin, Emile J.L., 2019. "Adoption of energy efficient technologies by households – Barriers, policies and agent-based modelling studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 29-41.
    12. Mason, Karl & Qadrdan, Meysam & Jenkins, Nicholas, 2021. "Investing in generation and storage capacity in a liberalised electricity market: An agent based approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    13. Aarón Ortiz-Peña & Andrés Honrubia-Escribano & Emilio Gómez-Lázaro, 2025. "Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Measures in Public Buildings: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-25, January.
    14. Wang, Ziyi & Wennersten, Ronald & Sun, Qie, 2017. "Outline of principles for building scenarios – Transition toward more sustainable energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1890-1898.
    15. Christianne Wall & Richard Laing, 2024. "Achieving Net Zero: How Could User Feedback Be Leveraged to Promote Domestic Heat Pump Adoption in Scotland?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-20, September.
    16. Nava-Guerrero, Graciela-del-Carmen & Hansen, Helle Hvid & Korevaar, Gijsbert & Lukszo, Zofia, 2022. "An agent-based exploration of the effect of multi-criteria decisions on complex socio-technical heat transitions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
    17. Jan Rosenow & Marion Santini & Richard Cowart & Sam Thomas & Duncan Gibb & Richard Lowes, 2025. "Clean Heat Standards: Foundations, Policy Mechanisms, and Recent Developments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-21, May.
    18. Fadiran, Gideon & Fadiran, David & Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, 2017. "Macroeconomic Policy effects on development transition – Views from Agent based model," MPRA Paper 103197, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Dec 2018.
    19. Sanghamitra Mukherjee & Séin Healy & Tensay Meles & L. (Lisa B.) Ryan & Robert Mooney & Lindsay Sharpe & Paul Hayes, 2020. "Renewable Energy Technology Uptake: Public Preferences and Policy Design in Early Adoption," Working Papers 202004, School of Economics, University College Dublin.
    20. Kircher, Kevin J. & Zhang, K. Max, 2021. "Heat purchase agreements could lower barriers to heat pump adoption," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:9:p:2033-:d:1382705. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.