IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i7p3205-d1114105.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Impact Assessment of Electric Vehicle Charging in an AC and DC Microgrid: A Comparative Study

Author

Listed:
  • Rémy Cleenwerck

    (EELab/Lemcko, Deptartment of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
    EVERGi, MOBI Research Centre & ETEC Deptartment, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Hakim Azaioud

    (EELab/Lemcko, Deptartment of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Majid Vafaeipour

    (EVERGi, MOBI Research Centre & ETEC Deptartment, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium)

  • Thierry Coosemans

    (EVERGi, MOBI Research Centre & ETEC Deptartment, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium)

  • Jan Desmet

    (EELab/Lemcko, Deptartment of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium)

Abstract

This paper presents an in-depth comparison of the benefits and limitations of using a low-voltage DC (LVDC) microgrid versus an AC microgrid with regard to the integration of low-carbon technologies. To this end, a novel approach for charging electric vehicles (EVs) on low-voltage distribution networks by utilizing an LVDC backbone is discussed. The global aim of the conducted study is to investigate the overall energy losses as well as voltage stability problems on DC and AC microgrids. Both architectures are assessed and compared to each other by performing a power flow analysis. Along this line, an actual low-voltage distribution network with various penetration levels of EVs, combined with photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems is considered. Obtained results indicate significant power quality improvements in voltage imbalances and conversion losses thanks to the proposed backbone. Moreover, the study concludes with a discussion of the impact level of EVs and PVs penetration degrees on energy efficiency, besides charging power levels’ impact on local self-consumption reduction of the studied system. The outcomes of the study can provide extensive insights for hybrid microgrid and EV charging infrastructure designers in a holistic manner in all aspects.

Suggested Citation

  • Rémy Cleenwerck & Hakim Azaioud & Majid Vafaeipour & Thierry Coosemans & Jan Desmet, 2023. "Impact Assessment of Electric Vehicle Charging in an AC and DC Microgrid: A Comparative Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:7:p:3205-:d:1114105
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/7/3205/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/7/3205/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Apostolaki-Iosifidou, Elpiniki & Codani, Paul & Kempton, Willett, 2017. "Measurement of power loss during electric vehicle charging and discharging," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 730-742.
    2. Hakim Azaioud & Jan Desmet & Lieven Vandevelde, 2020. "Benefit Evaluation of PV Orientation for Individual Residential Consumers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-24, October.
    3. Hakim Azaioud & Robbert Claeys & Jos Knockaert & Lieven Vandevelde & Jan Desmet, 2021. "A Low-Voltage DC Backbone with Aggregated RES and BESS: Benefits Compared to a Traditional Low-Voltage AC System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-28, March.
    4. Spiliotis, Konstantinos & Gonçalves, Juliana E. & Saelens, Dirk & Baert, Kris & Driesen, Johan, 2020. "Electrical system architectures for building-integrated photovoltaics: A comparative analysis using a modelling framework in Modelica," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    5. Dima Alame & Maher Azzouz & Narayan Kar, 2020. "Assessing and Mitigating Impacts of Electric Vehicle Harmonic Currents on Distribution Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-17, June.
    6. Hernández, J.C. & Ruiz-Rodriguez, F.J. & Jurado, F., 2017. "Modelling and assessment of the combined technical impact of electric vehicles and photovoltaic generation in radial distribution systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 316-332.
    7. Pelletier, Samuel & Jabali, Ola & Laporte, Gilbert & Veneroni, Marco, 2017. "Battery degradation and behaviour for electric vehicles: Review and numerical analyses of several models," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 158-187.
    8. Gerber, Daniel L. & Vossos, Vagelis & Feng, Wei & Marnay, Chris & Nordman, Bruce & Brown, Richard, 2018. "A simulation-based efficiency comparison of AC and DC power distribution networks in commercial buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 1167-1187.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Hua & Zhao, De & Meng, Qiang & Ong, Ghim Ping & Lee, Der-Horng, 2020. "Network-level energy consumption estimation for electric vehicles considering vehicle and user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 30-46.
    2. Patrik Ollas & Torbjörn Thiringer & Mattias Persson & Caroline Markusson, 2023. "Energy Loss Savings Using Direct Current Distribution in a Residential Building with Solar Photovoltaic and Battery Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-21, January.
    3. Qin Chen & Komla Agbenyo Folly, 2022. "Application of Artificial Intelligence for EV Charging and Discharging Scheduling and Dynamic Pricing: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-26, December.
    4. Zhou, Yu & Meng, Qiang & Ong, Ghim Ping, 2022. "Electric Bus Charging Scheduling for a Single Public Transport Route Considering Nonlinear Charging Profile and Battery Degradation Effect," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 49-75.
    5. Ghotge, Rishabh & van Wijk, Ad & Lukszo, Zofia, 2021. "Off-grid solar charging of electric vehicles at long-term parking locations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    6. Lane, Blake & Kinnon, Michael Mac & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2022. "Deployment planning tool for environmentally sensitive heavy-duty vehicles and fueling infrastructure," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    7. Barelli, L. & Bidini, G. & Bonucci, F. & Castellini, L. & Fratini, A. & Gallorini, F. & Zuccari, A., 2019. "Flywheel hybridization to improve battery life in energy storage systems coupled to RES plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 937-950.
    8. Robin Smit & Eckard Helmers & Michael Schwingshackl & Martin Opetnik & Daniel Kennedy, 2024. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance of Electric, Hydrogen and Fossil-Fuelled Freight Trucks with Uncertainty Estimates Using a Probabilistic Life-Cycle Assessment (pLCA)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-38, January.
    9. Yang Xia & Wenjia Zeng & Xinjie Xing & Yuanzhu Zhan & Kim Hua Tan & Ajay Kumar, 2023. "Joint optimisation of drone routing and battery wear for sustainable supply chain development: a mixed-integer programming model based on blockchain-enabled fleet sharing," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 327(1), pages 89-127, August.
    10. Jorge Varela Barreras & Ricardo de Castro & Yihao Wan & Tomislav Dragicevic, 2021. "A Consensus Algorithm for Multi-Objective Battery Balancing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-25, July.
    11. Hallemans, L. & Ravyts, S. & Govaerts, G. & Fekriasl, S. & Van Tichelen, P. & Driesen, J., 2022. "A stepwise methodology for the design and evaluation of protection strategies in LVDC microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    12. Erbaş, Mehmet & Kabak, Mehmet & Özceylan, Eren & Çetinkaya, Cihan, 2018. "Optimal siting of electric vehicle charging stations: A GIS-based fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1017-1031.
    13. Gerber, Daniel L. & Ghatpande, Omkar A. & Nazir, Moazzam & Heredia, Willy G. Bernal & Feng, Wei & Brown, Richard E., 2022. "Energy and power quality measurement for electrical distribution in AC and DC microgrid buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    14. Ilman Sulaeman & Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli & Aditya Shekhar & Pavol Bauer, 2021. "Comparison of AC and DC Nanogrid for Office Buildings with EV Charging, PV and Battery Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-22, September.
    15. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2020. "Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    16. Park, Sung-Won & Son, Sung-Yong, 2023. "Techno-economic analysis for the electric vehicle battery aging management of charge point operator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    17. Elkin D. Reyes & Arturo S. Bretas & Sergio Rivera, 2020. "Marginal Uncertainty Cost Functions for Solar Photovoltaic, Wind Energy, Hydro Generators, and Plug-In Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-20, December.
    18. Seung-Taek Lim & Ki-Yeon Lee & Dong-Ju Chae & Sung-Hun Lim, 2022. "Design of Mid-Point Ground with Resistors and Capacitors in Mono-Polar LVDC System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-20, November.
    19. Paulo M. De Oliveira-De Jesus & Mario A. Rios & Gustavo A. Ramos, 2018. "Energy Loss Allocation in Smart Distribution Systems with Electric Vehicle Integration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-19, July.
    20. Gaurav Kumar Roy & Marco Pau & Ferdinanda Ponci & Antonello Monti, 2021. "A Two-Step State Estimation Algorithm for Hybrid AC-DC Distribution Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:7:p:3205-:d:1114105. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.