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Life-Cycle Assessment of a Multi-Megawatt Airborne Wind Energy System

Author

Listed:
  • Luuk van Hagen

    (Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands)

  • Kristian Petrick

    (Airborne Wind Europe, Avenue de la Renaissance 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium)

  • Stefan Wilhelm

    (Ampyx Power B.V., Lulofsstraat 55, Unit 13, 2521 AL The Hague, The Netherlands
    Current address: Enpal GmbH, Koppenstr. 8, 10243 Berlin, Germany.)

  • Roland Schmehl

    (Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands)

Abstract

A key motivation for airborne wind energy is its potential to reduce the amount of material required for the generation of renewable energy. On the other hand, the materials used for airborne systems’ components are generally linked to higher environmental impacts. This study presents comparative life-cycle analyses for future multi-megawatt airborne wind energy systems and conventional wind turbines, with both technologies operating in the same farm configuration and under matching environmental conditions. The analyses quantify the global warming potential and cumulative energy demand of the emerging and established wind energy technologies. The cumulative energy demand is subsequently also used to determine the energy payback time and the energy return on investment. The selected airborne wind energy system is based on the design of Ampyx Power, using a fixed-wing aircraft that is tethered to a generator on the ground. The conventional wind turbine is primarily based on the NREL 5 MW reference turbine. The results confirm that an airborne wind energy system uses significantly less material and generates electricity at notably lower impacts than the conventional wind turbine. Furthermore, the impacts of the wind turbine depend strongly on the local environmental conditions, while the impacts of the airborne wind energy system show only a minimal dependency. Airborne wind energy is most advantageous for operation at unfavourable environmental conditions for conventional systems, where the turbines require a large hub height.

Suggested Citation

  • Luuk van Hagen & Kristian Petrick & Stefan Wilhelm & Roland Schmehl, 2023. "Life-Cycle Assessment of a Multi-Megawatt Airborne Wind Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-23, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:4:p:1750-:d:1063605
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Cherubini, Antonello & Vertechy, Rocco & Fontana, Marco, 2016. "Simplified model of offshore Airborne Wind Energy Converters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 465-473.
    2. Fechner, Uwe & van der Vlugt, Rolf & Schreuder, Edwin & Schmehl, Roland, 2015. "Dynamic model of a pumping kite power system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 705-716.
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