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Reproduction of Nanofluid Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Experiments in Engineering: A Research Paradigm Shift

Author

Listed:
  • Humaira Yasmin

    (Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia)

  • Solomon O. Giwa

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye P.M.B. 2002, Nigeria)

  • Saima Noor

    (Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hikmet Ş. Aybar

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, TRNC, via Mersin 10, 99628 Famagusta, Turkey
    Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan)

Abstract

The suspension of different nanoparticles into various conventional thermal fluids to synthesize nanofluids has been proven to possess superior thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, and the heat transfer performance over conventional thermal fluids. This task appears trivial but is complicated and significant to nanofluid synthesis and its subsequent utilization in diverse applications. The stability of mono and hybrid nanofluids is significantly related to stirring duration and speed; volume, density, and base fluid type; weight/volume concentration, density, nano-size, and type of mono or hybrid nanoparticles used; type and weight of surfactant used; and sonication time, frequency, mode, and amplitude. The effects of these parameters on stability consequently affect the thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, and the heat transfer performance of nanofluids in various applications, leading to divergent, inaccurate, and suspicious results. Disparities in results have inundated the public domain in this regard. Thus, this study utilized published works in the public domain to highlight the trend in mono or hybrid nanofluid formulation presently documented as the norm, with the possibility of changing the status quo. With the huge progress made in this research area in which a large quantum of different nanoparticles, base fluids, and surfactants have been deployed and more are still emerging in the application of these advanced thermal fluids in diverse areas, there is a need for conformity and better accuracy of results. Reproduction of results of stability, thermal, optical, tribological, anti-wear, and fuel properties; photothermal conversion; and supercooling, lubrication, engine, combustion, emission, thermo-hydraulic, and heat transfer performances of formulated mono or hybrid nanofluids are possible through the optimization and detailed documentation of applicable nanofluid preparation parameters (stirring time and speed, sonication duration, amplitude, mode, frequency, and surfactant concentration) employed in formulating mono or hybrid nanofluids. This proposed approach is expected to project a new frontier in nanofluid research and serve as a veritable working guide to the nanofluid research community.

Suggested Citation

  • Humaira Yasmin & Solomon O. Giwa & Saima Noor & Hikmet Ş. Aybar, 2023. "Reproduction of Nanofluid Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Experiments in Engineering: A Research Paradigm Shift," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-32, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:3:p:1145-:d:1042209
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dhinesh Kumar, D. & Valan Arasu, A., 2018. "A comprehensive review of preparation, characterization, properties and stability of hybrid nanofluids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1669-1689.
    2. Tong, Yijie & Boldoo, Tsogtbilegt & Ham, Jeonggyun & Cho, Honghyun, 2020. "Improvement of photo-thermal energy conversion performance of MWCNT/Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluid compared to Fe3O4 nanofluid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    3. Choudhary, Suraj & Sachdeva, Anish & Kumar, Pramod, 2020. "Investigation of the stability of MgO nanofluid and its effect on the thermal performance of flat plate solar collector," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 1801-1814.
    4. Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi M. & Mujtaba, M.A. & Safaei, Mohammad Reza & Afzal, Asif & V, Dhana Raju & Ahmed, Waqar & Banapurmath, N.R. & Hossain, Nazia & Bashir, Shahid & Badruddin, Irfan Anjum & Goodar, 2021. "Effect of Sr@ZnO nanoparticles and Ricinus communis biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on modified CRDI diesel engine characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PA).
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