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Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Emmanuel Ebinyu

    (Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt)

  • Omar Abdel-Rahim

    (Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
    Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt)

  • Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour

    (Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
    Department of Electrical Power and Machines Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt)

  • Masahito Shoyama

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan)

  • Sobhy M. Abdelkader

    (Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
    Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt)

Abstract

Changes are being implemented in the electrical power grid to accommodate the increased penetration of renewable energy sources interfaced with grid-connected inverters. The grid-forming (GFM) control paradigm of inverters in active power grids has emerged as a technique through which to tackle the effects of the diminishing dominance of synchronous generators (SGs) and is preferred to the grid-following (GFL) control for providing system control and stability in converter-dominated grids. Therefore, the development of the GFM control is important as the grid advances towards 100% inverter-based grids. In this paper, therefore, we aim to review the changing grid scenario; the behaviour of grid-connected inverter control paradigms and major GFM inverter controls, including their modifications to tackle low inertia, reduced power quality, fault-ride through capability, and reduced stability; and the state-of-the-art GFM models that are pushing the universality of GFM inverter control.

Suggested Citation

  • Emmanuel Ebinyu & Omar Abdel-Rahim & Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour & Masahito Shoyama & Sobhy M. Abdelkader, 2023. "Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-45, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:22:p:7579-:d:1280039
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ahmed, Faraedoon & Al Kez, Dlzar & McLoone, Seán & Best, Robert James & Cameron, Ché & Foley, Aoife, 2023. "Dynamic grid stability in low carbon power systems with minimum inertia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 486-506.
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