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Designing Sustainable Domestic Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Mixes: Application to Java and Bali, Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Diyono Diyono

    (Mathematical and Statistical Methods—Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Hans Cappon

    (Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld

    (Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Karel J. Keesman

    (Mathematical and Statistical Methods—Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Many countries, including Indonesia, have abundant renewable energy sources (RES), but the share of RES in the current national energy supply is still insignificant. The study aimed to investigate and provide the most feasible combinations of RES that meet domestic electricity demand. For Java and Bali, Indonesia, initially, 35 scenarios, given 4 primary RES (solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal) and municipal solid waste, were assessed based on economic and environmental indicators. This explorative data-driven study found that the existing capacity could only meet 51% of the electricity demand. However, the proposed energy mixes could cover 100% of the electricity demand in 2020 with a required capacity of 8.32–19.10 GW, varying on each scenario. The feasible energy mixes can reduce CO 2 emissions by 90–94% compared to a fossil energy mix with gas-fired power plants. The installation, and operation and maintenance costs per life cycle can range from 29–50 and 4–16 billion dollars. The wind-based energy mix, with installed capacities of geothermal (1.16 GW), hydropower (2.87 GW), solar (0.003 GW) and municipal solid waste (0.18 GW) in 2020, showed the highest return on investment (139% ROI) and smallest CO 2 emission with highest CO 2 reduction (94%). This study provides a scientific method of selecting, projecting, and evaluating viable RES combinations for generating electricity without using fossil fuels.

Suggested Citation

  • Diyono Diyono & Hans Cappon & Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld & Karel J. Keesman, 2023. "Designing Sustainable Domestic Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Mixes: Application to Java and Bali, Indonesia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-19, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:22:p:7461-:d:1275210
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Semeraro, Concetta & Aljaghoub, Haya & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Alami, Abdul Hai & Olabi, A.G., 2023. "Digital twin in battery energy storage systems: Trends and gaps detection through association rule mining," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    2. Pambudi, Nugroho Agung, 2018. "Geothermal power generation in Indonesia, a country within the ring of fire: Current status, future development and policy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2893-2901.
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