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A Review of Drive Cycles for Electrochemical Propulsion

Author

Listed:
  • Jia Di Yang

    (Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
    Advanced Propulsion Lab, UCL East, University College London, London E15 2JE, UK)

  • Jason Millichamp

    (Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
    Advanced Propulsion Lab, UCL East, University College London, London E15 2JE, UK)

  • Theo Suter

    (Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
    Advanced Propulsion Lab, UCL East, University College London, London E15 2JE, UK)

  • Paul R. Shearing

    (Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
    The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK)

  • Dan J. L. Brett

    (Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
    Advanced Propulsion Lab, UCL East, University College London, London E15 2JE, UK
    The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK)

  • James B. Robinson

    (Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
    Advanced Propulsion Lab, UCL East, University College London, London E15 2JE, UK
    The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK)

Abstract

Automotive drive cycles have existed since the 1960s. They started as requirements as being solely used for emissions testing. During the past decade, they became popular with scientists and researchers in the testing of electrochemical vehicles and power devices. They help simulate realistic driving scenarios anywhere from system to component-level design. This paper aims to discuss the complete history of these drive cycles and their validity when used in an electrochemical propulsion scenario, namely with the use of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and lithium-ion batteries. The differences between two categories of drive cycles, modal and transient, were compared; and further discussion was provided on why electrochemical vehicles need to be designed and engineered with transient drive cycles instead of modal. Road-going passenger vehicles are the main focus of this piece. Similarities and differences between aviation and marine drive cycles are briefly mentioned and compared and contrasted with road cycles. The construction of drive cycles and how they can be transformed into a ‘power cycle’ for electrochemical device sizing purposes for electrochemical vehicles are outlined; in addition, how one can use power cycles to size electrochemical vehicles of various vehicle architectures are suggested, with detailed explanations and comparisons of these architectures. A concern with using conventional drive cycles for electrochemical vehicles is that these types of vehicles behave differently compared to combustion-powered vehicles, due to the use of electrical motors rather than internal combustion engines, causing different vehicle behaviours and dynamics. The challenges, concerns, and validity of utilising ‘general use’ drive cycles for electrochemical purposes are discussed and critiqued.

Suggested Citation

  • Jia Di Yang & Jason Millichamp & Theo Suter & Paul R. Shearing & Dan J. L. Brett & James B. Robinson, 2023. "A Review of Drive Cycles for Electrochemical Propulsion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-26, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:18:p:6552-:d:1238064
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Hewu & Zhang, Xiaobin & Ouyang, Minggao, 2015. "Energy consumption of electric vehicles based on real-world driving patterns: A case study of Beijing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 710-719.
    2. Varga, Bogdan Ovidiu, 2013. "Electric vehicles, primary energy sources and CO2 emissions: Romanian case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 61-70.
    3. Jiankun Peng & Jiwan Jiang & Fan Ding & Huachun Tan, 2020. "Development of Driving Cycle Construction for Hybrid Electric Bus: A Case Study in Zhengzhou, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-19, September.
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