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Parametric Investigation on the Performance of a Battery Thermal Management System with Immersion Cooling

Author

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  • Yuxin Zhou

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
    Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
    National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

  • Zhengkun Wang

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
    Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
    National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

  • Zongfa Xie

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
    Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
    National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

  • Yanan Wang

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
    Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
    National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries will generate a large amount of heat during high-rate charging and discharging. By transferring the heat to the environment in time, the batteries can be kept in a suitable temperature range. This allows them to work normally, prolongs their cycle life, and reduces the risk of thermal runaway. Immersion cooling is a simple and efficient thermal management method. In this paper, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) with immersion cooling was designed by immersing the lithium-ion cells in the non-conductive coolant—dimethyl silicone oil. The electric–thermal coupled model was adopted to obtain the heat production and temperature distribution of the cell during discharging, and the performance of the system was obtained by numerical calculation. It was found that, compared with natural cooling, immersion cooling could significantly reduce both the maximum temperature (MAT) of the cell and the temperature of the tabs during the 3C discharging process. However, the maximum temperature difference (MATD) of the cell was significantly increased. To solve this problem, the effects of the flow rate, viscosity, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the coolant on the performance of immersion cooling were further investigated and discussed, including the MAT and MATD of the cell, and the pressure drop of the coolant. The method and results could provide references for the design and application of the BTMS with immersion cooling in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuxin Zhou & Zhengkun Wang & Zongfa Xie & Yanan Wang, 2022. "Parametric Investigation on the Performance of a Battery Thermal Management System with Immersion Cooling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-21, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:7:p:2554-:d:784561
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Chongmao Mo & Guoqing Zhang & Xiaoqing Yang & Xihong Wu & Xinxi Li, 2022. "A Battery Thermal Management System Coupling High-Stable Phase Change Material Module with Internal Liquid Cooling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-15, August.
    3. Zhang, Chengbin & Wang, Huijuan & Huang, Yongping & Zhang, Liangliang & Chen, Yongping, 2025. "Immersion liquid cooling for electronics: Materials, systems, applications and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
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    5. Li, Xueqiang & Guo, Shentong & Sun, Haiwang & Liu, Shengchun & Wang, Xinyue & Wang, Lei, 2025. "Comprehensive assessment of coolants used single-phase immersion cooling data center," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    6. Liu, Qian & Shi, Qianlei & He, Kehan & He, Hao & Yu, Boxu & Ju, Xing & Zhu, Xiaoqing & Xu, Chao, 2025. "Experimental study on the effect of discharge modes and coolant types for single-phase immersion cooling of LiFePO4 batteries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    7. Krzysztof Górecki & Krzysztof Posobkiewicz, 2022. "Cooling Systems of Power Semiconductor Devices—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-29, June.
    8. Wahab, Abdul & Najmi, Aezid-Ul-Hassan & Senobar, Hossein & Amjady, Nima & Kemper, Hans & Khayyam, Hamid, 2025. "Immersion cooling innovations and critical hurdles in Li-ion battery cooling for future electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    9. Jiang, Xingbao & Zhang, Dejun & Wang, Yanan & Sun, Xin & Zhang, Yujing & Xie, Zongfa, 2025. "Immersed evaporation and cell inversion: Achieving optimal cooling efficiency for batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    10. Lin, Xiang-Wei & Li, Yu-Bai & Wu, Wei-Tao & Zhou, Zhi-Fu & Chen, Bin, 2024. "Advances on two-phase heat transfer for lithium-ion battery thermal management," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    11. Junhao Dong & Xipo Lu & Yang Sun & Vladislav Mitin & Huaping Xu & Wei Kong, 2022. "Design of Battery Thermal Management System with Considering the Longitudinal and Transverse Temperature Difference," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-13, October.
    12. Ding, Yan & Lu, Li & Zhang, Huangwei, 2024. "BatteryFOAM: A comprehensive electrochemical-electrical-thermal solver with OpenFOAM for computational battery dynamics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 376(PA).
    13. Liu, Jiahao & Chen, Hao & Yang, Manjiang & Huang, Silu & Wang, Kan, 2024. "Comparative study of natural ester oil and mineral oil on the applicability of the immersion cooling for a battery module," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    14. Liu, Jiahao & Tao, Liyanyu & Yang, Qinyuan & Wang, Jinhui, 2026. "Recent advances in immersion cooling for thermal management of lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PE).
    15. Suresh, C. & Awasthi, Abhishek & Kumar, Binit & Im, Seong-kyun & Jeon, Yongseok, 2025. "Advances in battery thermal management for electric vehicles: A comprehensive review of hybrid PCM-metal foam and immersion cooling technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    16. Choi, Hongseok & Jun, Yongjoo & Chun, Heechan & Lee, Hoseong, 2024. "Comprehensive feasibility study on metal foam use in single-phase immersion cooling for battery thermal management system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 375(C).

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